Human health is one of the main values of life. The environmental situation and physical processes occurring on Earth lead to a decrease in the planet’s ozone layer, which protects living organisms from the effects of ultraviolet radiation. The nature of this electromagnetic radiation is wave, and is classified according to wavelength.
The influence of ultraviolet radiation on humans and other organisms is enormous
Depending on this range, they penetrate through the ozone layer. The influence of ultraviolet radiation on humans and other organisms is enormous. It also depends on solar activity, geographic location, altitude and climatic conditions.
In addition to the main source of the Sun, ultraviolet radiation occurs during gas welding work, with some types of artificial lighting, and in solariums. Protection from ultraviolet radiation is an important aspect for a living organism. Each of us knows from childhood that we should not look at welding. Welders call this “catching a bunny,” or in medical parlance, getting a burn to the retina of the eye - electroophthalmia.
The same effect can occur in skiers and climbers in sunny weather if they do not use glasses and special equipment due to the reflection of sunlight from the surface of snow or ice.
Our health and UV radiation
Humans and all living organisms are exposed to ultraviolet rays. There is nothing useless in nature, but the abuse of these natural resources is not beneficial, but rather harmful to health. The skin, hair, eyes, and immune system suffer from the effects of radiation. The incidence of skin cancer (melanoma) is very high throughout the world. As a result of ultraviolet radiation, people suffer from vision loss caused by cataracts.
Excessive use of UV radiation is not beneficial
The purpose of this article is to draw your attention to the problem, to outline its importance and methods of maintaining health, taking into account the climatic conditions that nature dictates to us. Learn to enjoy life, without harm to health, and proper protection from ultraviolet radiation. In order to take care of oneself, a person needs to have information, so let’s talk a little more broadly about the dangers of UV exposure.
About the everyday and medical aspects of this problem. Ultraviolet light, in small quantities, is needed by the body to produce vitamin D. Solar warmth and light is necessary for all living things and with proper consumption, a person will be healthy and happy.
Causes of diseases caused by ultraviolet radiation
The first thing loving parents do during the holiday period is take their beloved children to relax at the seaside. And there are already sunbathing until sunset, so that you can show off your tan at work in new fashionable glasses, and “make the kids healthier” in the sun. Without getting into the intricacies of the process, acclimatization, changing water and other stresses, the most they do is use creams for the skin of the face and body, hide their hair under panama hats and wear questionable quality, but beautiful sunglasses.
People get burns regardless of their darkness and skin color
You can sunbathe early in the morning and in the evening and for a very short time, what is the result? A tough test for the body. The skin suffers first. Many people have seen people with burns of varying degrees of severity on the beach. Red backs and legs, skin peeling off as if snakes are molting. People get burns regardless of their darkness and skin color.
The whole truth about tanning is that your body fights the effects of ultraviolet radiation. It produces pigment and its function is to reduce the access of radiation into tissue. Close access for a deeper burn. A more severe degree is sunburn. In place of which, the skin is already more sensitive to the penetration of ultraviolet radiation. Some people suffer from photosensitivity, an allergy to exposure to sunlight.
Under the influence of the sun, photoaging appears, the signs of which - wrinkles on the face, loss of elasticity - will not please tan lovers. And the most dangerous disease is skin cancer. Their nature has not been fully studied, but it has been confirmed that exposure to ultraviolet radiation accelerates the process several times.
The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the organs of vision
Eyes need to be treated with care
Anatomically, nature has protected humans from the harmful effects of sunlight. But this is not enough when the body is exposed to ultraviolet radiation for a long time. The eyes, which occupy a small area on the face, are capable of receiving this impact deep into the body and especially need careful treatment. When there is an excess of UV radiation, diseases such as:
- electroophthalmia;
- photokeratitis;
- photoconjunctivitis
- pterygium;
- cataract;
- cancerous lesions of the eyes.
Cataracts are one of the main causes of blindness in world practice. Ultraviolet radiation does not spare the eyes, therefore it is a person’s responsibility to their health. Protecting the eyes from ultraviolet radiation is the main task. Therefore, it is necessary to use modern, high-quality sunglasses.
The glasses are ideal in shape - they have a form-fitting shape and minimize the penetration of rays. Therefore, you need to approach the selection of glasses very seriously and not skimp on your health.
Now there are special sprays and coatings on glasses lenses; these coatings are safe for the eyes and protect against the penetration of UV rays. On special skiing and mountaineering equipment, glasses are marked UV-380 and UV-400, as maximum protection against ultraviolet radiation.
It is necessary to use modern, high-quality sunglasses
Security measures
You need to remember the safety rules. Do not look at the sun and snow-capped peaks without sunglasses, so that you do not receive first aid for electroophthalmia, which takes a very long time and is painful and will ruin your entire vacation. Hair and facial skin suffer from the influence of ultraviolet radiation, but this is more likely cosmetic problems. They are eliminated with the help of protective creams and shampoos designed to protect hair from ultraviolet exposure.
Hair unprotected by a headdress burns out, loses its elasticity, splits, and turns into a scorched dry washcloth. Therefore, if you are temporarily without a headdress, you need to strengthen your hair care. Now they produce shampoos to protect hair from ultraviolet radiation.
To protect your skin from burns, you need to use protective creams, follow a regime of going out into the open sun, and wear clothes made from natural fabrics in light colors that reflect the sun's rays. New modern technologies are now being developed to increase the reflectivity of clothing. Titanium dioxide is applied to clothing, and this chemical composition reduces the penetration of rays.
Are being invented washing powders, supplements that also reduce risks. We are on the verge of developing car and residential windows with anti-ultraviolet coating. Science does not stand still, but people must value their health themselves. Follow safety measures and the sun will bring you joy and smiles.
Hair and skin suffer from ultraviolet radiation
First aid
A person is designed in such a way that he does not think about his health while he has it. A beautiful tanned body is presented to us as a symbol of health and sexuality. But if you take an excursion into the past, then all the nobility boasted of white complexion, hid their hair under hats, they were more enlightened. If preventive measures They didn’t help you, didn’t save you from a burn, you should be able to provide first aid to yourself. If a burn to the skin and face has already occurred.
- Stop staying in the sun and hide in the shade.
- If there is severe pain and the area of the burn blister is larger than the palm of your hand, you should seek help from a doctor.
- Do not use anything other than burn remedies on the affected areas!
- Be careful with burns to the face and neck, especially in children, as they can cause severe swelling and difficulty breathing.
- For minor burns, you can take a cool shower and apply lotions to your face, use face and body moisturizers.
- Until the burns heal, wear loose clothing made from natural fabrics so as not to irritate the affected skin. Cover your head and hair from the sun.
To avoid eye burns from ultraviolet radiation, you must use glasses, visors, and shields. The requirements for glasses are very high, beautiful and fashionable glasses do not mean high quality. Help with burns.
- Dark room (photophobia).
- Ice water lotions.
- Cool compresses made from tea leaves.
- Artificial tear eye drops.
Don’t let your vacation and everyday life force you to provide help, follow a relaxation regime in the sun and enjoy life.
- and what diseases it can cause
- children
- . What dose is unsafe for the body?
- How does it affect a small organism?
In the current unfavorable environmental situation, when the number of ozone holes is increasing, and global warming is not an easy word, but a real threat, the negative impact of ultraviolet radiation is only getting worse. First of all, our skin suffers from this - damage, peeling, dryness occurs, pigmentation increases and the risk of burns increases. SPF products can help protect your skin from ultraviolet radiation.
Features of facial skin protection from the sun
The skin of the face is exposed to the greatest amount of sun rays at all times of the year. At the same time, the skin on it is thinner and more sensitive compared to the whole body. Therefore, she needs to use a special cream with UV protection.
Sun protection face cream should be chosen according to your personal needs.
| Skin phototype | Features of the phototype | Protecting your face from the sun |
| Light skin, red hair color | The skin is thin, sensitive, becomes highly pigmented after exposure to the sun, redness and burns may appear. | Sunscreen with a light texture and high spf level should be used every time you go outside. |
| Light skin, light brown or blond hair | The skin is prone to burning quickly, the tan takes on a red tint and does not last long, freckles are present | Daily cream should contain an average spf protection value, for the beach it should be higher (spf 30-50) |
| Brown-haired women with light skin | Do not appear on the skin dark spots, the tan has a beautiful brown tint and lasts a long time | Daily face cream can have minimal spf protection; for the beach spf 20 will be enough |
| Brunettes with dark skin | The skin quickly acquires a dark shade in the sun, does not burn or become damaged | Protective cream can be used with a low spf level until the skin becomes tanned. |
| Mulattos with dark skin | Very dark skin has natural sun protection | You may not use sunscreen |
| African American skin type | Very dark skin tone, may appear dry from prolonged exposure to the sun | You can use a nourishing or moisturizing cream without spf protection |
Sun protection rules for the face
- It is recommended to stay in the sun, even using sunscreen, before 11 am and from 4 pm. Unfortunately, those who think that sunbathing at lunchtime is only possible for those who do not use sunscreen. It can protect you from burns, but it will not save you from the harmful effects of UV rays on the entire body during periods of high solar activity.
- You need to apply a face product with sun protection after each contact with water in the pool or in the sea.
- SPF components tend to deteriorate with prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, so if you do not swim, but only sunbathe, then every 1.5-2 hours you should apply a new portion of the cream and put the tube in the shade. In urban environments, to decide whether you need to renew your cream or not, you should consider only the time spent in the sun, and not the total time outside the home. For example, if you were outside for 40-50 minutes, and the rest work time indoors, the cream will continue to protect you when you go out into the sun.
- Regardless of the time of year, it is advisable that the day cream or foundation that you use every day has spf 5-15 in its composition.
- At the beginning of the holiday period, while the skin of the face has not yet acquired a tanned tint, you need to use a sunscreen with spf 50 or higher. As the skin darkens, the level of protection of the cream can be reduced.
- UV protection cream must be applied in advance, before coming to the beach. If the sun's rays begin to hit unprotected facial skin, and then you use spf cream, the effect of its active components will be minimal.
- Sunscreen is applied to clean skin face, and then you can use decorative cosmetics.
Features of sunscreens for the face
A product that protects the face from exposure to sunlight must have:
- SPF protection;
- antioxidants;
- moisturizing components;
- UVA protection;
- coenzymes and vitamins.
Composition and effect of sunscreens
The first thing we see from the designations on the packaging is the abbreviation SPF. It stands for sun protection factor, a component of the cream that acts as a barrier between the skin and ultraviolet radiation. The numbers that come after spf (5-50) indicate the level of protection. The smaller it is, the weaker the protection of the facial skin from the sun, i.e. A significant percentage of UV rays penetrate the epidermis. Accordingly, a score from 20 to 50 indicates that the cream has intense protection.
Cream with designation:
- SPF 2-5 has low level protection and transmits 25-50% of ultraviolet rays;
- SPF 8-10 transmits 13-15% ultraviolet radiation;
- SPF 15-20 is already high protection, 5-7% of rays penetrate through it;
- SPF 20-30 has an intense barrier, transmitting only 3%;
- SPF 50 protects you almost completely from ultraviolet rays.
Next, you should pay attention to the designations UVA and UVB (IPD or PPD). UVA indicates whether the cream contains chemical filters that protect against group A UV rays, which are the most dangerous to human health. UVB refers to the presence of physical or mineral filters that provide protection against UVB rays.
| Physical filters | Chemical filters | Combination filters | |
| Active substances | benzyl salicylate trizanolamine salicylate titanium dioxide octyl triazone para-aminobenzoic acid zinc oxide cinnamate | avobenzone benzophenone mexoril sx | benzophenone-4 dioxybenzone octocrylene oxybenzone phenylbenzimidazole |
| How it works | Promotes a beautiful tan and is protected by reflecting UVB rays. Contains natural ingredients. | They can cause allergies to some chemical components, they protect due to the absorption of ultraviolet rays of spectrum A. They are part of sun protection cream. | Provides UVA and UVB protection. Allows you to get an even tan with a brown tint, while helping to prevent photoaging. |
Very often, sun protection cream for the body is not suitable for the face, unless there is a special designation. Sunscreen for the face has a lighter texture and may contain anti-aging components.
Factors influencing the choice of sun protection cream:
- Age The larger it is, the higher the spf level should be. Up to 25 years old, this figure may not exceed 15, up to 35 years old it should be 20-30, and after 45 it is recommended to use only face products with spf 50.
- Facial skin condition. For oily and combination skin, a face gel with sun protection is more suitable, for normal skin - an emulsion, and for dry skin - a cream.
- Degree of tanning of facial skin. If she has not yet been exposed to sunlight, then the cream should be with maximum protection.
- If the cream contains moisturizing substances, glycerin, aloe vera, then it will not only reflect the sun's rays, but also take care of the skin. Thanks to the presence of collagen or coenzyme, the cream will fight wrinkles.
The best sunscreens for the face
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Dr. Spiller – Aloe Vera Sun Sensitive spf 25 Light consistency emulsion for any skin type.
Algologie - High Protection Day Screen spf 30 Suitable for daily use, a nice bonus is the fight against wrinkles.
La Roche Posey - Anthelios XL spf 50 Gel cream for dry and normal skin faces.
- La Roche-Posay ANTHELIOS XL FLUID 50+— fluid for the face.
- La Roche-Posay ANTHELIOS MILK FOR INFANTS AND CHILDREN 50+- milk for babies.
- La Roche-Posay ANTHELIOS SPRAY FOR CHILDREN 50+— spray for children with sun protection.
Vichy - Capital (Ideal) Soleil spf 50 Light hypoallergenic cream for oily and combination skin.
- Moisturizing Fluid-gel tanning activator Vichy CAPITAL IDEAL SOLEIL for the face SPF50 and a beach bag as a gift, 200 ML
MOISTURIZING FLUID-GEL TAN ACTIVATOR VICHY CAPITAL IDEAL SOLEIL FOR FACE SPF30
Avene SPF 50— Solaires Mineral Cream. A cream with a natural base not only protects, but also restores facial skin after damage, and contains spf and ppd filters.
NIVEA SUN 30 or Sun Care spf 50 It has a soft texture with caring components.
Garnier - Amber Solaire The spray is quickly absorbed and easy to use.
GARNIER intense tanning oil with coconut scent
GARNIER sunscreen body spray SPF30 pure protection+
GARNIER dry sunscreen spray SPF 20
L'Oreal - Solar expertise spf 15 Thick texture cream suitable for aging skin, promotes an even tan.
Yves Rocher - Monoi de Tahiti Tanning oil nourishes the skin, eliminates flaking and dryness, and has a pleasant smell.
Clinique - Super City Block spf 40 Contains natural oils, helps get rid of age spots, mattifies the skin.
Clarins - UV Plus Day Screen spf 40 Suitable for sensitive and allergenic skin, instantly absorbed.
Don't forget about after-sun care.
- GARNIER moisturizing and soothing after-sun milk
- NIVEA cooling after sun spray
The benefits and harms of sunscreens
Despite the fact that ultraviolet radiation is harmful, a person still needs sunlight on the skin in small quantities. First of all, for the production of endorphins, responsible for a positive attitude, and vitamin D.
If the skin is exposed to the sun for a long time and then becomes damaged, peeling and red, this can lead to premature loss of skin elasticity. In this case, using sun protection cream will only bring benefits. At the same time, if UV rays do not reach the skin at all due to excessive SPF means, then the formation of collagen in the epidermis will slow down, which will also have a detrimental effect on its condition. `
The best sun protection is a combination of moderate exposure to UV rays and the correct use of spf products.
There is an alternative to using creams with chemical and physical filters - this folk remedies. The most common are infusions of nettle and mint, turmeric, and chamomile. Sometimes cucumber and lemon juice with whitening properties. The resulting product is sprayed onto the skin of the face every 20-30 minutes throughout exposure to the sun. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of this method of sun protection has not been proven and cannot be measured by the intensity of the filters.
Tips from a cosmetologist for facial care.
You can't see, hear, or feel ultraviolet radiation, but you can actually feel its effects on your body, including your eyes.
You probably know that excessive ultraviolet exposure increases the risk of skin cancer, and you try to use protective creams. What do you know about protecting your eyes from UV radiation?
Many publications in professional publications are devoted to the study of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the eyes, and from them, in particular, it follows that long-term exposure to it can cause a number of diseases. In the context of a decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere, the need for the correct selection of means of protecting the organs of vision from excess solar radiation, including its ultraviolet component, is extremely urgent.
What is ultraviolet?
Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation invisible to the eye, occupying the spectral region between visible and X-ray radiation within the wavelength range of 100-380 nanometers. The entire region of ultraviolet radiation (or UV) is conventionally divided into near (l = 200-380 nm) and far, or vacuum (l = 100-200 nm); Moreover, the latter name is due to the fact that the radiation of this area is strongly absorbed by air and is studied using vacuum spectral instruments.
Rice. 1. Full electromagnetic spectrum of solar radiation
The main source of ultraviolet radiation is the Sun, although some sources of artificial lighting also have an ultraviolet component in their spectrum; in addition, it also occurs during gas welding work. The near range of UV rays, in turn, is divided into three components - UVA, UVB and UVC, which differ in their effect on the human body.
When exposed to living organisms, ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the upper layers of plant tissue or the skin of humans and animals. Its biological action is based on chemical changes in biopolymer molecules caused both by their direct absorption of radiation quanta and, to a lesser extent, by interaction with the radicals of water and other low-molecular compounds formed during irradiation.
UVC is the shortest wavelength and highest energy ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength range from 200 to 280 nm. Regular exposure of living tissue to this radiation can be quite destructive, but fortunately it is absorbed by the ozone layer of the atmosphere. It should be taken into account that it is this radiation that is generated by bactericidal ultraviolet radiation sources and occurs during welding.
UVB covers the wavelength range from 280 to 315 nm and is medium-energy radiation that is hazardous to human vision. It is UVB rays that contribute to tanning, photokeratitis, and in extreme cases, cause a number of skin diseases. UVB radiation is almost completely absorbed by the cornea, but some of it, in the range of 300-315 nm, can penetrate the internal structures of the eye.
UVA is the longest wavelength and least energetic component of UV radiation with l = 315-380 nm. The cornea absorbs some UVA radiation, but most of it is absorbed by the lens. This is the component that ophthalmologists and optometrists should primarily take into account, because it is the one that penetrates deeper than others into the eye and has a potential danger.
The eyes are exposed to a fairly wide range of UV radiation. Its short-wavelength part is absorbed by the cornea, which can be damaged by prolonged exposure to radiation waves with l = 290-310 nm. As ultraviolet wavelengths increase, the depth of its penetration into the eye increases, and most of this radiation is absorbed by the lens.
The lens of the human eye is an excellent filter created by nature to protect the internal structures of the eye. It absorbs UV radiation in the range of 300 to 400 nm, protecting the retina from exposure to potentially harmful wavelengths. However, with long-term regular exposure to ultraviolet radiation, damage to the lens itself develops; over the years, it becomes yellow-brown, cloudy and, in general, unsuitable for functioning for its intended purpose (that is, cataracts form). In this case, cataract surgery is prescribed.
Light transmission of spectacle lens materials in the UV range.
Eye protection is traditionally done with the use of sunglasses, clips, shields, and hats with visors. The ability of spectacle lenses to filter out potentially dangerous components of the solar spectrum is associated with the phenomena of absorption, polarization or reflection of the radiation flux. Special organic or inorganic materials are introduced into the material of spectacle lenses or applied as coatings to their surface. The degree of protection of spectacle lenses in the UV region cannot be determined visually based on the shade or color of the spectacle lens.
Rice. 2. Ultraviolet spectrum
Although the spectral properties of spectacle lens materials are regularly discussed on the pages of professional publications, including Veko magazine, there are still persistent misconceptions about their transparency in the UV range. These incorrect judgments and ideas are expressed in the opinions of some ophthalmologists and even spill out onto the pages of mass publications. Thus, in the article “Sunglasses can provoke aggressiveness” by consultant ophthalmologist Galina Orlova, published in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti newspaper on May 23, 2002, we read: “Quartz glass does not transmit ultraviolet rays, even if it is not darkened. Therefore, any glasses with glass spectacle lenses will protect your eyes from ultraviolet radiation.” It should be noted that this is absolutely false, since quartz is one of the most transparent materials in the UV range, and quartz cuvettes are widely used to study the spectral properties of substances in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. In the same place: “Not all plastic eyeglass lenses will protect against ultraviolet radiation.” We can agree with this statement.
In order to finally clarify this issue, let us consider the light transmission of basic optical materials in the ultraviolet region. It is known that the optical properties of substances in the UV region of the spectrum differ significantly from those in the visible region. A characteristic feature is a decrease in transparency with decreasing wavelength, that is, an increase in the absorption coefficient of most materials that are transparent in the visible region. For example, ordinary (non-spectacle) mineral glass is transparent at wavelengths above 320 nm, and materials such as uviol glass, sapphire, magnesium fluoride, quartz, fluorite, lithium fluoride are transparent in the shorter wavelength region [BSE].
Rice. 3. Light transmission of spectacle lenses made of various materials
1 - crown glass; 2, 4 - polycarbonate; 3 - CR-39 with light stabilizer; 5 - CR-39 with a UV absorber in the polymer mass
In order to understand the effectiveness of protection from UV radiation of various optical materials, let us turn to the spectral light transmission curves of some of them. In Fig. the light transmission in the wavelength range from 200 to 400 nm is presented for five spectacle lenses made of various materials: mineral (crown) glass, CR-39 and polycarbonate. As can be seen from the graph (curve 1), most mineral spectacle lenses made of crown glass, depending on the thickness at the center, begin to transmit ultraviolet radiation from wavelengths of 280-295 nm, reaching 80-90% light transmission at a wavelength of 340 nm. At the border of the UV range (380 nm), the light absorption of mineral spectacle lenses is only 9% (see table).
|
Material |
Index |
Absorption |
| CR-39 - traditional plastics | ||
| CR-39 - with UV absorber | ||
| Crown glass | ||
| Trivex | ||
| Spectralite | ||
| Polyurethane | ||
| Polycarbonate | ||
| Hyper 1.60 | ||
| Hyper 1.66 |
This means that mineral spectacle lenses made from ordinary crown glass are unsuitable for reliable protection against UV radiation unless special additives are added to the batch for glass production. Crown glass spectacle lenses can only be used as sun filters after applying high-quality vacuum coatings.
The light transmission of CR-39 (curve 3) corresponds to the characteristics of traditional plastics that have been used for many years in the production of spectacle lenses. Such spectacle lenses contain a small amount of light stabilizer that prevents photodestruction of the polymer under the influence of ultraviolet radiation and atmospheric oxygen. Traditional spectacle lenses made of CR-39 are transparent to UV radiation from 350 nm (curve 3), and their light absorption at the boundary of the UV range is 55% (see table).
We would like to draw the attention of our readers to how much better traditional plastics are in terms of UV protection compared to mineral glass.
If a special UV absorber is added to the reaction mixture, then the spectacle lens transmits radiation with a wavelength of 400 nm and is an excellent means of protection against ultraviolet radiation (curve 5). Spectacle lenses made of polycarbonate are distinguished by high physical and mechanical properties, but in the absence of UV absorbers they begin to transmit ultraviolet radiation at 290 nm (that is, similar to crown glass), reaching 86% light transmission at the boundary of the UV region (curve 2), which makes them unsuitable for use as a UV protection agent. With the introduction of a UV absorber, spectacle lenses cut off ultraviolet radiation down to 380 nm (curve 4). In table 1 also shows the light transmission values of modern organic spectacle lenses made of various materials - highly refractive and with average refractive index values. All these spectacle lenses transmit light radiation starting only from the edge of the UV range - 380 nm, and reach 90% light transmission at 400 nm.
It must be taken into account that a number of characteristics of spectacle lenses and design features of frames affect the effectiveness of their use as means of UV protection. The degree of protection increases with increasing area of spectacle lenses - for example, a spectacle lens with an area of 13 cm2 provides 60-65% degree of protection, and with an area of 20 cm2 - 96% or even more. This occurs by reducing side illumination and the possibility of UV radiation entering the eyes due to diffraction at the edges of spectacle lenses. The presence of side shields and wide temples, as well as the choice of a more curved frame shape that matches the curvature of the face, also contribute to increasing the protective properties of glasses. You should be aware that the degree of protection decreases with increasing vertex distance, since the possibility of rays penetrating under the frame and, accordingly, getting into the eyes increases.
Cutting limit
If the cutoff of the ultraviolet region corresponds to a wavelength of 380 nm (that is, light transmission at this wavelength is no more than 1%), then why do many branded sunglasses and spectacle lenses indicate a cutoff of up to 400 nm? Some experts argue that this is a marketing technique, since providing protection above the minimum requirements is more popular with buyers, and the “round” number 400 is remembered better than 380. At the same time, data has appeared in the literature about the potentially dangerous effects of light in the blue visible region spectrum to the eye, which is why some manufacturers have set a slightly larger limit of 400 nm. However, you can rest assured that 380 nm protection will provide you with sufficient UV protection to meet today's standards.
I would like to believe that we have finally convinced everyone that ordinary mineral spectacle lenses, and even more so quartz glass, are significantly inferior to organic lenses in terms of ultraviolet cutting efficiency.
Prepared by Olga Shcherbakova, Veko 7/2002
Often the sun becomes unfriendly to sunbathers. The results of such unpleasant contact can be burns, early wrinkles and, as the most unpleasant consequence, skin cancer. Considering the above, it is very important to take care of the condition of your skin and hair during the three summer months and protect against ultraviolet rays. Moreover, this should be done not only before going to the beach: you can get sunburned anywhere and in any weather, even in the rain. For this reason, it is also worth understanding what can increase the effect and harm of ultraviolet radiation.
Harm from ultraviolet radiation
When exposed to sunlight, the skin turns red and tans. This happens because prolonged exposure to the sun stimulates the production of melanin in special cells of the epidermis. This pigment has a protective function, helping to reduce the impact of ultraviolet radiation on the body. Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the skin leads to the destruction of collagen fibers. The impact of these rays is especially harmful in the period from 10 to 15 hours. The first signs of such an impact:
- dryness,
- the appearance of wrinkles,
- early skin aging.
Long walks without sunscreen and trips to the beach at noon greatly weaken the immune system. Reduced immunity, in turn, more often “loses” in the fight against infectious diseases. Doctors have long established a connection between the craving for prolonged sunbathing and the appearance of melanoma– skin cancer. And that's without mentioning pigmentation.
UV protection methods
In the hottest season of the year, of course, reliable, non-harmful protection from ultraviolet radiation is necessary. The most suitable for this purpose are loose clothing made from natural materials. Also, you should always have in your arsenal sunglasses And broad-brim. Don't forget about sunscreen, which must be applied before any exit to the street. The sun can sometimes be so unpredictable that you can get a burn even after 5 minutes of being in an open space.
Choosing a sunscreen for sunburn
The sun threat can hit you even in cloudy weather. Therefore, if you go outside between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m., be sure to use sun protection cream with SPF, which translates as “ sun protection factor" There are several types of sunscreen creams with SPF, differing from each other in the degree to which they protect the skin from dangerous rays. The weakest effect is found in products with SPF from 5 to 10 units, the most powerful is from 60 to 100. When choosing a cream or spray for sun protection, it is better to give preference to those with the greatest spectrum of action, protecting you from both types of ultraviolet rays: those passing through clothes and glass A-rays(UVA), and having less permeability, but leading to burning B-rays(UVB). If you want to protect yourself from thermal infrared radiation, choose a cream labeled “Infared”.
Thermal water
The most careful way to protect your skin from the sun is when taking medications. Blood pressure lowering medications, antibiotics and contraceptives increase the skin's vulnerability to sunlight. In this case, your best assistant is thermal water for skin. Thanks to its high absorbency and cooling effect, it perfectly protects against thermal burns and shock. Thermal water moisturizes the skin, but it needs to be used not only on the face, but also on the entire body, as well as hair. There are a huge number of similar products, and among them it is worth highlighting the types of thermal water for oily, dry, sensitive and problematic skin.
UV protection for hair
Sunlight and sea salts also have a negative effect on hair. Protecting your hair from the sun and salt water is very important and easy to do. inexpensive means. Spray your hair before going to the beach or into the city on hot days. spray with UV filters. This way your hair will be protected from heat and harmful substances. When you return from the sea or the beach, be sure to rinse your hair and apply cosmetic oil to it. The ends of your hair and bangs quickly burn out and dry out. To prevent this, apply products with a waxy texture. Also apply over sunscreen Coconut oil . By moisturizing the skin and hair, it simultaneously protects them from the sun and makes the tan even and beautiful.
When relaxing in hot resorts, do not forget to protect your hair from the sun and sea.
Do not forget about such a skin problem when tanning as photodermatitis (), which requires additional measures and medications. Read more in the article at the link above.
Video
UV radiation and skin aging
A woman covering her face with a burqa seems to be a relic of the past in our enlightened age. Therefore, many women of the East have already thrown off their burqas and... fully experienced the effect of the merciless sun on their skin. Russian repatriates in Israel, whose skin quickly becomes wrinkled in the hot, dry climate, are also convinced that the sun ages the skin.
The role of sunlight in the process of early aging is so significant that scientists began to call this type of aging photoaging. Signs of photoaging include thickening of the stratum corneum (solar keratosis), the appearance of age spots (lentigo), the accumulation of abnormal collagen fibers in the skin (elastosis), and collagen degradation.
Furrowed deep wrinkles The faces of South American Indians or Australian farmers are a vivid illustration of photoaging. So, sunlight is the main culprit of early wilting. The sun emits light in a wide range of wavelengths (from 200 nm and above). The solar spectrum is divided into several regions: UV range (200-400 nm), visible light (400-700) and infrared radiation (more than 700 nm).
Visible light is the electromagnetic radiation that our eyes perceive. At a wavelength of more than 700 nm, the infrared spectrum begins, the rays of which are perceived by us as heat; and at a wavelength of less than 400 nm there is a range of ultraviolet radiation, which plays an exceptional role in the life of many living organisms on our planet. According to modern ideas, the first wrinkles appear precisely because of ultraviolet radiation.
The UV spectrum is divided into 3 regions - UV-A, UV-B and UV-C. UV-C - rays with the shortest wavelengths (200-290 nm) - are the most dangerous because they have the highest energy. Luckily for us, all UV-C rays are trapped in the stratosphere.
UVB rays have a range of 290 – 320 nm. They reach the Earth's surface by passing through the ozone layer. In human skin, UV-B rays penetrate the epidermis but do not enter the dermis. These rays are highly damaging and are responsible for many of the acute and chronic side effects associated with sunlight exposure. Wavelengths of 297 nm have the greatest ability to cause erythema. The wavelengths of UV-A rays range from 320 to 400 nm. Of the entire UV spectrum, these rays have the lowest energy, but at the same time have the highest penetrating power. Reaching the surface of the Earth, they pass through the water column into the depths of the sea.
In human skin, UVA rays reach the middle layers of the dermis. It is with them that the processes underlying skin photoaging are associated. It is known that in the mountains and southern regions solar radiation is higher - you can tan and burn here much faster. This is because the intensity of UV radiation depends not only on the path traveled from the Sun, but also on the distance traveled in the atmosphere: the greater the distance, the lower the intensity of the radiation.
As UV rays pass through the atmosphere, their intensity drops by about 20% every 1000 m of travel. This occurs not only due to absorption in the atmosphere, but also due to additional scattering due to dust and clouds. Thus, on a cloudy day, the intensity of UV radiation can decrease by almost half compared to clear days. At sea and in the mountains, a large number of UV rays are reflected from water or snow, and then the effect of direct radiation is complemented by the effect of indirect, reflected light. As a result, the risk of getting a sunburn increases significantly.
In the middle zone, people usually suffer from a lack of sun, so they love to lie on the beach and happily expose their faces to the sun's rays. Photoaging, which is a very real threat in hot countries, remains a scary fairy tale for residents of temperate climates, which they do not really believe in.
And, apparently, in vain. Scientists believe that over the past 10 years, due to the thinning of the ozone layer, the intensity of UV radiation has increased by 3-10%. This forced doctors to pay close attention to the effect of sunlight on the skin and reconsider their attitude to “healthy tanning.”
Effect of UV rays on the skin
Small doses of UV radiation are essential for human life. Their exceptional role in the synthesis of vitamin D and calcium metabolism has been proven. In the winter months, with a lack of UV radiation, an exacerbation of some skin diseases is observed.
A person’s psycho-emotional state also largely depends on UV radiation: in cloudy weather and at night, many people experience depression. Excessive UV exposure has damaging effects on the skin, which can be divided into acute and chronic. Acute effects are associated with damage to the skin and the skin's response to damage. Acute side effects include tanning, thickening of the skin, and sunburn.
UV-A rays with wavelengths greater than 340 nm are primarily responsible for premature skin aging. UV-B (280-320 nm) radiation is largely responsible for sunburn. Both UVA and UVB rays can cause malignant cell degeneration. In modern society, tanning is considered a sign of health, but from a medical point of view this is not entirely true. The fact is that tanning is a protective reaction of the skin to damage.
The main purpose of tanning is to prevent further damage that could lead to dangerous changes in the skin. Immediate tanning is caused by long-wave UV-A rays and is the result of photo-oxidative darkening and the redistribution of melanin pigment in epidermal cells, which they receive from melanocytes.
An immediate tan appears within 2 hours of UV exposure and does not have a protective effect against sunburn. Some experimental evidence suggests that it may provide some protection to the DNA of cells in the basal layer of the epidermis.
Delayed tanning occurs several hours or days after exposure to primarily UVB rays. The exact mechanism of tanning is still not completely clear. It is believed that as a result of UV damage to certain parts of the genome responsible for melanin metabolism, the enzyme tyrosinase is activated.
This leads to increased melanin production, an increase in the size of melanocytes, lengthening of processes (dendrites) and an increase in the degree of their branching. In addition, UV radiation affects enzymatic processes in other skin cells and intercellular space, which entails a transition of the cellular community to another level of physiological activity. Delayed tanning lasts for weeks and even months after UV exposure.
Thickening of the skin is not only the result of damage, but also a protective reaction that appears several hours or days after exposure to UV-B rays and persists for months. Increased division of basal cells and increased cohesion of corneocytes leads to a thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, which is the first barrier to UV rays and protects underlying cells and, most importantly, basal keratinocytes from damage.
Sunburn- this is the skin’s reaction to damage, as well as a kind of protective reaction: a burned person will no longer want to sit under the sun and thus damage the skin more. The exact mechanism of sunburn formation is not well understood, but it has already been proven that it involves the formation and release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators from the cells of the epidermis and dermis. Redness, pain, swelling and even blistering can occur within hours or even days of exposure to 300 nm UV rays. Sunburn is familiar to anyone who has been sunburned on the beach. This is redness of the skin, accompanied by pain, swelling, and in some cases fever and blistering.
Skin pigmentation or tanning appears 2 – 3 days after irradiation, and on days 6 – 10 the tan “fades” - the skin begins to peel off. The ability to tan varies from person to person.
Based on their reaction to UV radiation, people's skin is divided into 6 types (Fitzpatrick skin types):
Type 1 – never tan, always burn (often have very white skin, blond hair, light eyes);
2nd type - sometimes they manage to tan, but more often they burn (fair skin, light brown or brown hair);
Type 3 – tan well, sometimes burn;
Type 4 – always tan, never burn (olive skin, dark hair);
5th – 6th types – never burn ( dark skin, black hair).
The fact that skin color can predict its sensitivity to sunlight suggests that melanin is the main protector of the skin from UV radiation. Blacks, whose skin contains a lot of melanin, never get melanoma, but melanoma inevitably affects albino blacks living in Africa.
The skin of people with vitiligo (white patches on the skin) has different sensitivity to the sun in pigmented and non-pigmented areas. Melanin absorbs UV radiation and works as a natural UV filter. Keratinocytes receive melanin granules from melanocytes, melanin-producing cells located in the basal layer of the epidermis. The more intense the UV radiation, the more melanin the melanocytes produce.
Skin damaged by UV rays ages. However, this aging has some distinctive features. With true aging, all layers of the skin become thinner. With photoaging, thickening of the epidermis and stratum corneum occurs. Changes in the intercellular substance of the dermis during photoaging are uneven - along with normal collagen fibers, accumulations of amorphous atypical material consisting of elastin are found in it.
The ability to synthesize collagen and other components of the intercellular substance of the dermis in photodamaged skin is preserved, therefore many signs of photoaging are reversible. A characteristic sign of photoaging are spider veins (spiders, spider veins) and pigment spots (lentigines). Taken together, all these symptoms give a characteristic picture of photoaging, which has given scientists the basis to distinguish it as an independent type of aging.
Another negative consequence of UV radiation is photodermatitis - a violent inflammatory reaction of the skin with the formation of blisters. The causes of photodermatitis are varied.
Sensitivity to the sun can be caused by any diseases, or may appear due to cosmetic procedures(dermabrasion, laser resurfacing, peeling, hair removal). Sometimes photodermatitis appears after certain medications (sulfonamides, tetracyclines, psoralens, some antidepressants).
A substance that increases the skin's sensitivity to UV radiation is called a photosensitizer. The role of a photosensitizer can be played by components of cosmetics - some preservatives, a number essential oils and even UV filters. Therefore, if, after going outside, your skin suddenly becomes blistered and inflamed, then the first thing to do is to remember whether you have taken any medications and whether you have applied a new day cream to your skin.
And if you have undergone laser resurfacing, dermabrasion, hair removal, etc., you must use sunscreens with 100% absorption of UV radiation (for example, based on titanium dioxide).
Photoaging, unlike normal aging, is treatable. Of course, it is not possible to completely rejuvenate the skin, however, to a large extent, skin changes caused by UV radiation are reversible. To treat photodamaged skin, peeling with alpha hydroacids (AHA) is used, which stimulate increased peeling of the upper layer of skin, accelerate epidermal renewal and enhance collagen synthesis, as well as preparations containing retinoic acid.
How to protect yourself from UV radiation
It is impossible to constantly hide from the sun, and it is not necessary. However, precautions should be taken to protect against excess UV radiation.
There are three main methods of protection:
Avoid direct sunlight if possible;
Wear clothing that protects your skin from the sun;
Use sunscreens containing UV filters.
The first method seems at first glance the simplest, but in reality it is not always feasible. When it comes to clothing, materials such as silk and polyester provide the best protection. In general, the thicker the fabric, the better it protects the skin from UV rays. But difficulties arise with clothes, especially on a hot sunny day or on the beach. Therefore, the most reliable and “convenient” protection are sunscreens containing UV filters.
Sunscreens are divided into several categories.
Tanning creams are needed to tan without getting burned. They contain UV filters that absorb UVB rays. This is, for example, Firstan Cream SPF 8, produced by INTEGRE (Heliosystem line). However, it should be remembered that the cause of photoaging is mainly UVA radiation, from which tanning creams do not protect.
Anti-sun creams contain broad-spectrum UV filters that block the entire UV range. Such a product, for example, is Firstan Milcream SPF15 cream, produced by INTEGRE (Heliosystem line). This hypoallergenic cream contains micronized titanium dioxide - a physical filter with a high degree of protection and tyrosine - a substance that activates melanogenesis. Flax seed extract, a natural antioxidant, enhances the protective effect of the cream.
These products are the best protection against photoaging and reduce the risk of malignant tumors. They are also used in cases of increased skin sensitivity to sunlight. Under the influence of UV radiation, free radicals are formed in the skin. The entire antioxidant system of the skin rises to fight them. This struggle is often unequal, because Intense solar radiation damages the skin's antioxidant enzymes.
To help your skin fight free radicals, you need to boost your antioxidant defenses before heading to the beach. For this they use cosmetic oils containing natural antioxidants, vitamin E and carotenoids: for example, carrot, palm or linseed oil. At the same time, cosmetics should not contain unsaturated fatty acids, because under the influence of UV radiation they will oxidize and become a source of free radicals on the skin.
