Every soul is happy about the holiday. So says one of the most famous Russian proverbs! And indeed, let's see with what awe, with what respect and reverence the Russian people treat the holidays. With what scope and breadth of soul do Russians celebrate national holidays?
Do you know all the public holidays in Russia? In this article I will give you a list of government and
1st of January. Initially, from the time of introduction Christian religion, chronology began in March or Easter. In 1942, during the reign of John III, chronology began to be counted from September 1st. In December 1699, the royal clerk announced to the people that the king wished, as a sign of the beginning of the new 100th anniversary after prayer singing and thanksgiving to God, that all the people decorate large thoroughfares and the houses of noble people with pine and spruce trees before January 1. And so that the decorations remain in place until January 7th. January should be considered the very beginning of the New Year.
New Year's customs took root among the people quite quickly; over time, new ones were only added.
Jan. 7. The most important holiday for every Orthodox Christian, if we consider Russian public holidays.
This celebration is celebrated on the January night from the 6th to the 7th. Until 1918, the holiday was considered more important than New Year's. But under the rule of the Soviets, Russian public holidays changed places in importance. The Soviet Union at that time became the only state in which New Year in the country has absorbed the attributes of the Nativity of Christ, while remaining a national holiday.
IN last years Russian history All more people visits churches and temples on January 7, remembers the religious meaning of the holiday.
February 23. Military Glory Day Russian Federation or On this day it is usually customary to express congratulations to the entire male half of the country. But initially, Russian public holidays did not include the day of all men, and February 23 was the birthday of the Soviet Red Army, otherwise - the Birthday of the Navy.
March 8. International Day of the Fair Half of Humanity. Russian national holidays have included this day since 1914.
The holiday is dedicated to the victory over Nazi Germany and the German invaders in the Great Patriotic War. On this day, numerous parades take place in Russia, the main one of which is the parade on Red Square in Moscow. They honor and express words of gratitude to veterans and combatants since 1943.
June 12 is Russia Day. On this day, the country adopted the Declaration of Independence of the Russian Federation and its sovereignty. Until 2002, the holiday was called “Independence Day.” It is one of the most recent or youngest national commemorative days. In 1994, Yeltsin B.N. included June 12 in the number of public holidays, and a little later, in 2001, Putin V.V. renamed the holiday on the occasion of the adoption of the declaration, explaining that the countdown begins with this most important document new history Russia.
November 4. Day of military glory of the unity of the Russian people. The holiday is dedicated to such an event as the liberation of Moscow in 1812 from Polish invaders.
List national holidays much more than the list of state ones, because in addition to significant dates for the history of the country, it contains others.
In general, public holidays in Russia are very important for every resident of the country; absolutely everyone puts their own meaning into a certain holiday and attaches their own significance. While the history of Russia is alive, the country itself and its people are alive!
In Russia, state, professional, international, folk, church (Orthodox), and unusual holidays are celebrated.
The most important dates:
- New Year
- Christmas
- Defender of the Fatherland Day
- International Women's Day
- Labour Day
- Victory Day
- Russia Day
- Day national unity
Russian public holidays are proclaimed in honor of a significant historical event in the life of the country. They are established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation. Some of them are declared holidays. Non-working holidays are listed in Art. 112 Labor Code Russia. These days are official special events, the national flag is raised.
Professional holidays in Russia are established in recognition of the merits of specialists in various fields of activity. Most of them are fixed by decree of the president of the country or other normative act and celebrated at the state level. Some are informal.
International holidays have global significance. They are celebrated all over the planet. Established by international organizations: UN, UNESCO, WHO, etc.
Church (Orthodox) holidays are days of remembrance of sacred events from the life of Jesus Christ, Holy Mother of God, John the Baptist or veneration of the memory of saints.
Folk holidays are the spiritual heritage of our ancestors. Most of them are related to events church calendar. Some arose during pagan times. Folk holidays have rich interesting traditions, customs and signs.
Unusual holidays are events that are distinguished by their originality: dedicated to inventions, funny objects, fairy tale characters and so on.
HOLIDAY, -A, m.
1. A day of celebration in honor or in memory of someone. outstanding event. Revolutionary holidays. October holiday. □ Raising planes into the sky, Raising the flag on the ship, We celebrate the May Day holiday On the spring joyful land. Surkov, Spring-Pervomayskaya. There are different holidays. There are days in all calendars that the whole country celebrates. Red days, national ones. Laptev, "Zarya". || A day or days in honor of someone. events or saints especially celebrated by custom or church. Kozlov spoke about a holiday in honor of the spring god Yarila that had survived from ancient times and about many other relics of pagan antiquity. M. Gorky, The Life of Klim Samgin. Instead of one month, Ivan Maksimovich traveled for three. He even spent holidays such as Christmas, New Year and Epiphany away from home. Sartakov, Sayan Ranges. || usually plural h. (holidays, -ov). General non-working day or several non-working days in a row on the occasion of such celebrations; opposite Weekdays. For many small-scale [landowners], the peasant worked for himself only on holidays, and on weekdays - at night. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Poshekhonskaya antiquity. It is a holiday today. The townspeople stood in churches until noon, ate and drank until two o'clock, and now they are resting. M. Gorky, Gorodok.
2. Fun, celebration, arranged by someone. for some reason about. Family celebration. Birthday party. □ [Ibrahim] did not miss a single ball, not a single holiday, not a single first performance, and indulged in the general whirlwind with all the ardor of his years and his breed. Pushkin, Arab of Peter the Great. Arkady Nikolaevich always took part in the Christmas tree every year. This children's party for some reason it gave him a peculiar, naive pleasure. Kuprin, Taper. Today is a holiday on the collective farm. The current harvest is celebrated and the launch of the thermal station is also celebrated. Tendryakov, Not at home. || what or Which. A day of games, entertainment, etc. Sports holiday. Student holiday. Song Festival.
3. About a day marked by something. an important, pleasant event, as well as about the joyful event itself. Driving out the herd before the evening and bringing in the herd at dawn is a great holiday for peasant boys. Turgenev, Bezhin meadow. For the seventh month I have been sitting hopelessly at home. The day on which someone visits me is a holiday for me. A. Ostrovsky, Letter to N. I. Shapovalov, February 1. 1857.
4. trans. Experienced from smth. pleasure, a pleasant, joyful feeling, as well as the very source of pleasure and joy. Celebration was visible on all the faces, no matter where you looked. Gogol, The Night Before Christmas. The celebration of life - the years of youth - I killed under the weight of labor. N. Nekrasov, Celebration of Life... - When you see how many of us workers are, how much strength we carry, such joy embraces the heart, such a great holiday in the chest! M. Gorky, Mother.
It will be on ours (mine, yours) etc. ) street holiday- an expression of confidence that they will come better times for someone, there will be an opportunity to triumph over someone, something.
Source (printed version): Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / RAS, Institute of Linguistics. research; Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. language; Polygraph resources, 1999; (electronic version):
THE IMPORTANCE OF HOLIDAYS IN PEOPLE'S LIFE
Alexa Daria Viktorovna
student 3 course, Department of General History AltSPA, Barnaul
Shcheglova Tatyana Kirillovna
scientific supervisor, doctor of history. Sciences, Professor AltSPA, Barnaul
Currently, many of us do not even think about the significance of the presence of holidays in our lives, so it was necessary to explore what the significance of celebrations is in the destinies of both the people as a whole and for an individual in the past and present. Now the problem under consideration has become the most acute, since on the one hand there is a gradual shift away from old Soviet holidays to new ones, and on the other, a rapid one, for example, the implementation of National Unity Day - November 4 or the “big winter holidays” after the New Year. In the author’s opinion, it is important to show the influence of holidays on people’s consciousness, on their lives, what influence political ideology had on celebrations and identifying the place of religious holidays in people’s lives, and since we live in the age of globalization, what influence do foreign holidays have.
The life of Russian people in the distant past consisted of a series of everyday life and holidays. Everyday life is a time filled with work and worries. On weekdays they plowed, sowed, reaped, raised children... their distinguishing feature was the ordinariness of their home existence, moderation in food, simple comfortable clothing, secluded leisure time.
Weekdays were contrasted with holidays - a time of relaxation, fun, joy, a feeling of fullness of life. The alternation of everyday life and holidays was considered a necessary component of the normal course of life, and disruptions could lead to chaos and the death of the world, according to popular beliefs. Holidays and ceremonies shape human life. They pick up on him and the moment of his birth and initiate him into full-fledged members of society. The holiday lifts us above the ordinary and brings to a point the unity of the past, present and future. Celebrating an event every year gives it importance on an eternal level.
The holiday is a communication about abundance and fun, affirming the victory of harmony over chaos. A holiday is always a rush to utopia; it balances and neutralizes storms and misfortunes.
The era of Peter I became the time of birth of civil holidays in Russia. Among them is the New Year's Eve celebration (on the night of January 1), in honor of the victory of Russian weapons, sea and land. Their role is to instill in people a sense of patriotism, love for the emperor, to strengthen the fighting spirit of the army, and to introduce them to European culture. “Having opened a window to Europe,” Western traditions began to flow into Russian culture. Many said: hasn’t the great sovereign driven the country into a European corner? It is impossible to firmly answer this question to this day. On the one hand, this undoubtedly converted Russian culture, brought a new breath into it, and on the other hand, since the time Russia began to lose its originality.
Many Russian holidays were not in demand among the people; they were replaced by new foreign celebrations. For example, St. Valentine's Day or Valentine's Day, on which it is customary to give valentines, and modern youth willingly celebrate declarations of love. Only since 2008, a similar holiday was established in Russia - Peter and Fevronia Day. She was the first lovers in Rus'. The Tale of Peter and Fevronia tells us about the love of a peasant girl and a prince. During the Middle Ages, the theme of all-conquering love emerged as a high human feeling, overcoming social barriers and endowed with miraculous power. In the 19th century there were many holidays associated with Orthodox Church, which were influenced by political ideology. Holidays were held in honor of significant events in sacred history, especially revered saints, and miraculous icons. Church holidays, with their pomp, brightness, and solemnity of worship, were supposed to strengthen people's faith in God and the memory of the saints. At the same time, since the mid-1880s, Christmas and Easter have become a headache for the police. Christmas and holy days were the time of the most active circulation of “political” rumors among the peasantry. In July 1905, during a religious procession in Shuya on the occasion of Ilyin's Day, the Bolsheviks, at the suggestion of M. Frunze, stood among the believers and scattered about a thousand leaflets. The police could not do anything for fear of offending the feelings of believers. The traditional order of religious life was taken into account and, in fact, exploited by revolutionary propagandists. They used the folk way of life and habits to their advantage. Local authorities and the church were powerless against such tactics of the rioters.
It’s time to turn to the first Soviet holidays established by the new government in memory of significant dates in the struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie.
They, like the holidays of the tsarist period, were influenced by the ideology established in the state.
The first Soviet holidays
In 1918, the dictatorship of the victorious proletariat established its own public holidays by decree. Their first set was so different from today’s that the comparison even inspires some optimism: the first Soviet holidays were more related to death than to life.
May 1 is the anniversary of the dispersed meeting of anarchists in Chicago who demanded a reduction in the working day to 8 hours.
Symbols and rituals
The symbolism and rituals of the Soviet holiday developed gradually. Immediately after the revolution, a search began for a form of celebration.
Ceremonial marches with red flags were distinguished by the fact that people moved strictly forward, never in a circle. This symbolized the road to a bright future, to the victory of communism.
Political carnivals, mass events, living structures of pioneers imitating the industrial movement.
Gradually, by the end of the 1920s, methods and explanations began to be introduced about the need to give the holidays a solemn and restrained character. Solemnity is a sign of stability.
atoning sacrifice
Until recently, the great victory in the Patriotic War seemed to be the only irrefutable success in the illusory world of socialist achievement. Therefore, it was a great holiday - May 9, the only one capable of uniting and reconciling the people in a patriotic creative impulse.
For various reasons, the Soviet regime should have invented it - the unifying role of the Victory and its celebration would have been worth it. People live with the knowledge that their lives have been redeemed from death by the lives of the dead.
New Year
January 1 remained a working day until 1947, when it replaced Victory Day as a day off. During the period of developed socialism, the New Year, which took on the function of Christmas - a family holiday of celebration - was the only completely non-ideologized Soviet holiday.
March 8.
The most lyrical Soviet holiday has changed greatly, but it began as a very official and boring ideological holiday... Women's Day is remarkable because it the only holiday, accompanied by the ritual dressing of a Soviet man. The head of the family put on an apron and, in the company of his sons, clumsily prepared food and cleaned the apartment.
Constitution day
As for Constitution Day, introduced in 1936, this holiday turned out to be a wandering holiday: sometimes December 5, then October 7, then December 12, in the end, it became nothing more than an additional day off with a little ideological pumping.
Orthodox holidays
Orthodox holidays survived during the Soviet period, although their celebration was not approved by the authorities; the church was separated from the state back in 1918. The state found other ways to influence people's consciousness, excluding religion.
Easter was considered the most important holiday. All church holidays are divided into several groups depending on their significance for believers.
TO great holidays included Christmas, Easter and Trinity. They were called the Lord's because they are associated with events from the life of Jesus Christ. In addition to them, there are the Mother of God holidays. Together with others, they make up the annual circle - 12 main holidays. Such holidays were called twelve and were celebrated for 2-3 days.
Holidays could be moving or immobile. Much depends on the day of Easter, which fell on a different date every year. The days on which the holidays fell changed accordingly. But most are stationary, as they occur on the same day of the year.
Small holidays (semi-holidays) were held in memory of the patron saints of a particular craft, domestic animals, in memory of revered saints, on the days of the beginning or end of field work. The eves of major holidays, for example, Christmas Eve and the Sunday before Maslenitsa, were also considered small holidays. Both men's and women's gatherings were considered Shrovetide: Nikolshchina, Morgosya.
Sunday, which occurred every 6 days, was considered a holiday in Russia. It was adopted as a day of rest by the ancient Slavs.
Ignoring the festival by physically and mentally healthy people was considered a sin, a violation of ethical standards and God's regulations. In Russian life, there were family holidays: name days, family fraternities, which celebrated important events in the lives of relatives.
Community holidays lasted for several days. Many of them managed pre-holiday And after the celebration. The pre-holiday was necessary to create a certain psychological mood in people for the holiday. Post-festivities solved the problem of bringing a person out of the festive revelry into everyday, everyday life.
Some localities celebrated their own "cherished" holidays. Their day was set “by promise,” depending on local traditions. Most often, the holiday was held in honor of the saint with whom the prevention of any disasters was associated - epidemics, drought, fire, loss of livestock.
Russian people believed that any holiday requires respect. It was expressed in the cessation of all work, in a state of complete idleness of people - “The day is holy - all business is asleep”, in concern for appearance the village and their own home, in the desire of people to be beautiful and elegant, in the desire to make communication more pleasant and joyful. Working on a holiday was considered a sin, disrespect for God and the saints, and a dirty or snow-covered village, an unkempt house, poorly dressed people - disrespect for the holiday.
Holidays played a big social role in the life of the Russian people. First of all, they contributed to the consolidation of people living in one village, village, or city block. The holiday, which brought together all close and distant relatives, contributed to the strengthening of family ties and the development of family mutual assistance. The holiday had a certain educational significance. Communication made it possible to find out news, exchange impressions, and gain knowledge about distant countries and peoples. The holiday provided a respite from the hard work of a peasant or artisan. He distracted people from everyday worries, family troubles, and life's difficulties.
As for the influence of political ideology on holidays, sometimes a well-planned holiday conveyor suddenly reveals a formidable framework of totalitarian aspirations, the state’s frantic desire for self-preservation. The state machine tends to abolish history as an opportunity for its own evolution.
The stricter the form of government in the state, the more regulated and mass celebrations. Every nation has a huge number of different holidays. And only some of them are welcomed by the state and made official. A state that was formed by force appoints holidays for itself. The national set of non-working days is a cross-section of a given society.
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The history of the holiday.
Holidays are constant companions folk life. Holidays for us are an opportunity to bring joy to loved ones!
A holiday is not a calendar concept. The holiday takes place where it is felt, where it is expected.
Holiday as a cultural phenomenon - a day or days of celebration established in honor or memory
anyone or anything. In the human mind, the holiday is associated with the “temporary entry into
a utopian kingdom of universality, freedom, equality and abundance.” Holiday - antithesis
everyday life, ordinary life, a specific short-term form of human existence.
The historical roots of the holiday go back to ancient times; they are closely connected with magic,
ritual, labor activity, worldview, lifestyle, values
orientations. Since ancient times, there has been a universal human need for holidays,
performing important social functions: compensatory, aesthetic, moral
ennobling. The holiday acted as a way of spiritual unity and collective self-expression
and gaining freedom, emancipation, removing the burden of everyday worries and anxieties.
No matter how far we delve into the history of the peoples of Russia (and not only Russia), we will not be able to
find a time, a period in which there would be no holidays. Starting from dancing around the fire
on the occasion of a successful hunt and ending with Christmastide, Maslenitsa, Easter, Bathing Week and others
calendar celebrations of the present day. Since the times of primitive temples and pagan understanding
nature and its place and the role of the people in it, did not miss the opportunity to sing, dance, and play.
They praised the gods, worshiped idols, sought to appease them with sacrifices, songs,
dancing, games. This fundamental principle of rites and rituals that have survived to this day is easily recognizable,
if you know the history of the formation and development of the nation.
Holidays have the ability to influence groups, affirm stable
stereotypes of behavior corresponding to given social relations, moral norms
and value orientations.
The holiday always has an optimistic, life-affirming character; its content
side has a distinctly spiritual orientation. The centuries-old
continuity of spiritual values.
With the development of civilization, holidays became an official matter, and with the approval
Statehood as a form and means of managing the human community is also regulated.
The church followed the same path. Moreover, both the church and the state very strictly ensured that
festivities of any scale and content did not go beyond the officially established framework.
This system is still alive today.
During the holidays, the aesthetic component takes on special significance: sensual and emotional
richness of content, expressiveness, expressiveness, alogism, entertainment, elements
carnival, theatricality. All these qualities make the holiday related to art, but are not identified with it. A holiday is a kind of border zone between real life and a work of art.
The typology of holidays is diverse: folk (national), religious, state,
professional, family, etc. National holidays characterized by naturalness, organicity,
independence; public holidays are distinguished by a high degree of protocol regulation and a pronounced ideological orientation; religious holidays are a reflection of one or
a different form of belief. There is a certain proximity of folk and religious holidays,
because in ethnonational cultures, religion is one of the important forms of value orientation. But
National holidays may not be limited to religious ones, because also include elements of secular
culture (carnival culture within the Middle Ages). There is a possibility of turning into
perspective of public holidays and national holidays.
Family celebration
When we're talking about O family holidays, official regulation is losing its dominance
strength. In a narrow family circle, within a “cell” of society, their own rules and regulations apply and,
regardless of the official canons, a variety of people are born, die, and are transformed - large
and small ones - holidays. It would not be an exaggeration to say that without holidays the existence of a normal
family is impossible, without them there is no family itself.
The very concept of a holiday, including a family holiday, the content that this concept
invested, transformed depending on the living conditions of each individual family
her spiritual, religious, moral, political orientations, educational and material qualifications.
Family holidays are very diverse, in each special case- their traditions, norms,
ways of commemorating them, even their own criteria in determining the significance of a particular event.
But with all this, family celebrations can be divided into universal,
national, national and personal-family. Common human celebrations include
the birth of children (with rare exceptions this is always a joy); there is no people, nation, tribe on earth,
where is the birth new family it was not perceived as a holiday; Birthdays, name days, and marriage anniversaries are no less important.
A lot has changed in our lives in recent years. But people’s craving for the holidays, the desire to somehow
to mark this or that event in a special way remained unchanged. Moreover, the need for holidays
has increased significantly.
A holiday is a kind of mirror of social contradictions; they are reflected in it
infringement of democratic forms of social life, oblivion of national traditions, collapse
ideals, politicization of spiritual life, the gap between official ideology, societies, consciousness and
objective realities of reality. These contradictions are embodied in the comic
aspect of the holiday, in its humorous and satirical forms. The holiday is the oldest and
a promising form of cultural existence.
