In the Old Church Slavonic language, a man was designated by the majestic word “husband” (mo˛zhь), which most fully revealed the essence of a male person and contrasted him with women - wives. “And Oleg came to Smolensk and planted his husband in it” (“The Tale of Bygone Years”).
The word "husband" itself is of Indo-European origin and is related to this word in other languages. For example, with the word man in English. Moreover, often in related languages the same word or its derivative is used to designate a spouse - a man who is the husband of his wife.
In addition to “husband”, to denote a man’s age and indicate his legal capacity in Rus', there were such words as “little one”, “youth” and “elder” “... and the elder’s decision of the kozarsty: “Not a good tribute, prince!..” (there same).
A man could also be designated by his social status - slave, servant, prince, warrior.
How did it happen that the biblical “husband” became a man, and then even a man, that is, he began to be designated by a word that carries a share of derogatory words?
There were “great” and “small” men
Philologist Valery Anatolyevich Efremov, who studied the problem of naming a man, in his work “Nominations of a man in the Russian language” (magazine “World of the Russian Word”) points out that until the 13th century, a free citizen was called a husband in Rus'. And not a slave or a servant. Moreover, the husbands had their own hierarchy.
The chronicles often spoke of “noble”, “glorious”, “great” men and “lesser” or “younger” men. Obviously, in the latter case it was not always about the younger generation, but also about more ordinary people, who were also free citizens, but bore less responsibility to other people and the fatherland and did not have a noble origin.
A man is a community!
Around the 15th century, the word “man” began to appear in chronicles and charters in various variations - “man”, “man”. It is derived from the adjective “muzhsk” by adding the suffix -schin (a), which has the meaning of collection, generalization (by analogy with the Smolensk region, foreign land or boyar region).
Initially, the word “man” was used as a colloquial word, but over time it began to enter the colloquial speech of Russian people. Gradually it lost its original meaning of community and began to mean “male person,” by analogy with “woman,” “hillbilly,” or “fatherless.”
How a “husband” became a husband
The separation of the semantic meaning of the words “husband” and “man” occurred around the 18th century. The impersonal "man" replaced "husband" as a representative of the gender, and "husband" in a neutral context came to mean married man. And in the “high” style they began to call a worthy person who has merit before others. The phrases “this worthy man”, “learned men” and others also became widespread.
In the 19th century, the word “man” came into active use, and the 20th century finally consolidated this word in the vocabulary of Soviet citizens, but this was done for the sake of... ideology! But everything is in order.
Where did the “men” come from?
As for the word “man,” as Efremov writes, it arose at about the same time as “man” - around the 15th century and is first found in “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin, who writes: “And men and the ladies are all naked and all black.”
According to philologists, the word “man” comes from the fact that in Rus' commoners were often designated as minors, incompetent in the full sense of the word, limited by some circumstances, for example, poverty.
Are the Bolsheviks to blame?
For the first three centuries, this word carried all three meanings - it meant, in fact, a man, as a bearer of the male sex, a married man, and the same name was given to peasants and residents of rural areas. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the word was completely neutral, as defined by the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy,” and only with the Bolsheviks coming to power there was a sharp division in the meaning of the words “man” and “muzhik.”
They began to call a rude, uncouth person a muzhik and began to contrast him with a “man,” who was supposed to be smart and educated, “real.” A man-man opposition was formed, in which the latter was assigned the role of an ideological outcast - a kulak, drugged by priests or a drunkard and slob.
"The Man" is back!
However, in Lately, as V. A. Efremov notes, a positive assessment is beginning to return to the word “man”: “A real man!”, “He is an honest hard worker, and most importantly - a man!”, while the word “man” is acquiring more and more negative connotations , which are associated with the inability of intellectuals to quickly solve everyday problems, with the “effeminacy” of city dwellers and, possibly, with homosexuality.
Scientists do not know what is causing this rethinking of old words: perhaps self-awareness is returning to the Russian people, or maybe in the urban cultural environment people are simply playing with words. In any case, scientists believe that soon the word “man” may finally supplant the word “man”.
We show affection to our family, to our loved one, to our child. We often give special affectionate names to our loved ones. How did things stand with this in Rus'?
Caresses before marriage
About caresses and intimate life Very little is known about the ancient Slavs. A number of researchers believe that in the pre-Christian era, premarital sexual relations in Rus' were the norm, and sometimes our ancestors even organized orgies, usually associated with certain pagan holidays.
Whether this is true or not is a controversial question, to which there is no clear answer in historical sources. But with the advent of Christianity, intimate relationships began to be perceived differently. Although, of course, not every girl “vomited herself to the crown.” However, premarital sex began to be considered a sin.
And yet, this did not mean that Russian girls had no contact with guys at all before marriage, especially peasant women. Guys and girls met at work in the fields, at get-togethers, and on holidays. And often love relationships began between them.
What could an unmarried girl afford if she did not want to be considered a harlot? Of course, there were hugs and touching. A guy and a girl who liked each other could discreetly touch each other with their palms, interlace their fingers, and those who were bolder would walk holding hands. And, of course, they kissed.
There were affectionate addresses in use, many of which are no longer used in modern Russian. For example, a girl could call her beloved “zadobny” - “dear, amiable, desirable”; “ladushko” – “good, beloved”; "My month is clear." The guy, in turn, could call his beloved “belushka”, “sweetheart”, “drolechka”, “darling”, “darling”, “dearling”, “darling”, “cherishing”. Regardless of gender, lovers addressed each other with the words: “Dear love!” This is how the greeting usually sounded.
Between wives and husbands
Between husband and wife there was an address: “You are my warm sugrevushka!” A married woman could turn to her husband with the words: “The light of my eyes.” A man in Rus' was a light for a woman, which illuminated her path and allowed her to realize her creative beginning. There were other addresses: “my clear falcon”, “my love”, “good fellow”, “my betrothed”, “hero”, “the delight of my heart”, “dear friend”, “dear friend”, “dear friend”. The husband addressed his wife: “My soul,” since the beloved woman personified the spiritual meaning of his existence, inspired him to exploits and accomplishments. Often the wives were called lovingly: “beloved beauty”, “my dove”, “white swan”.
Women especially fawned over their husbands, if they were out of sorts or angry about something, they tried to calm them down: “You are my clear falcon, the light of my eyes, lie down, rest from the road!” If a husband was angry with his wife for something, she could throw herself at his feet, hug him, and say: “The delight of my heart, there is no guilt before you!” By the way, in Rus' there was a custom for a long time when a wife had to wash her husband’s feet.
How did they caress children in Rus'?
Children also had their own “affectionate” traditions, although in Rus' it was not customary to pamper them too much. A woman could hold a child close to her if he was scared or she tried to protect him; it was customary to stroke children on the head, ruffle their hair, and kiss their foreheads. Moreover, a woman often behaved this way with other people’s children, not only with her own.
Such modern addresses as “boy”, “girl”, “baby” were not in use. Minors were most often called the word “child.” Teenagers, depending on their gender, are called “adolescent” or “adolescent”. They called their children affectionate nicknames: “fish”, “bunny”, “grain”, “bird”, “sun”. A boy or young man could be called “milok”, “kasatik”, “falcon”. A girl or girl - “girl”. Later, addresses appeared that are still in use: “son”, “daughter”, “granddaughter”, “granddaughter”.
As you can see, times are changing. Nowadays, even at the first meeting, affection between a very young guy and a girl can be very frank. Some affectionate words have gone out of use, they have been replaced by others. But the essence has not changed, and people’s need for tenderness has not gone away.
The earth gently... the dawn embraces...
I kiss... kiss... you...
Again the threads... fate... weaves...
You are my light... you... my soul.
My soul.
This is what a loving man called his beloved woman.
The soul is the sensual center of a person; it is not without reason that they say about a devastated person: “he has lost his soul.” And if you have found love, then you have found your soul.
The most blissful state is when everything is done for the soul, and when the soul is in place.
Love for a woman is the torch that pushes a man to great deeds, for the sake of which he must
strives for something, achieves something. Otherwise, any business becomes meaningless.
It turns out that the soul itself looks at a man through the eyes of a woman, and you cannot lie to her and cannot betray her, since you will betray your own soul.
A woman spiritualizes a man’s life path, in addition, this appeal carries a special energy, we can say that this appeal is magical.
But in general, there were other appeals to wives and they are no less sincere.
Ladushka,
My love,
Beloved Beauty,
My dove,
White swan.
I think that if instead of “fishes” and “pussies” we used them, then modern marriages would be much stronger.
Yoga is the ability to direct the mind exclusively to an object and maintain this direction without distraction.
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In Rus' they called the beloved man “The Light of My Eyes,” because a man is the Path, an arrow indicating the ascent to the upper worlds.
A loving woman looks admiringly at her beloved as a light that helps her not to forget herself.
And the woman’s name was “My Soul.”
Because it resembles that for which it only makes sense to move along this Path. Everything is just for the soul. There is no meaning in anything: neither in wars, nor achievements, nor in knowledge, nor in abilities - if the soul is forgotten.
A man looks at his woman and cannot be afraid, cannot betray, cannot give up, because his soul looks at him through her eyes. And he will not accept any false excuses. You can't lie to your soul.
And sometimes he becomes coarser in battles so that the battles themselves become the meaning of life. And if he looks into her eyes, hears her voice, the cold of his heart will melt. And he will stop shedding blood and cry. This will melt the ice that shackled the soul
Or vice versa: he will throw off the yoke and stand up to his full height, take up a weapon, and fight until he frees his soul and his people or until he dies in this battle. And in moments of fear for the body, her eyes will stand before him. And fear will recede before this look. And he will step into battle...
What is a man to a woman?
When a woman-caregiver gets confused, gets bogged down in vanity, saving everything and even forgetting why she is saving it, she will look into his eyes and remember.
He won’t even remember, but will directly see the Path.
And she will understand why she should take care, why she should preserve it, and why she should not give up even a tiny bit of beauty.
Why provide space?
Why not turn into a kitchen woman?
There is a great meaning in all this, because through the eyes of a loved one the light of the Other World is visible.
And this world is a real Home and Motherland. He is waiting. He is not a fiction. Because the man himself carries his spirit in everything he does...
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In nature, structured water is formed as a result of the melting of glaciers. Where can you get it in a city? It is useless to look on the shelves of super-duper markets - “melt water” is not yet sold. But you can do it yourself. It won't even take long
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