According to historians, the production of the first glass bottles began in the 6th century in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa. At that time, special “ears” were made on the bottles to make them easier to carry.
After the fame of Venetian products spread beyond the Apennine Peninsula, the craftsmen of Venice put a lot of effort into producing bottles, not inferior in skill to the glassblowers of the cities of Urbino and Faenza. The bottles they made became real works of art. They had a bizarre appearance, were tall and graceful, almost spherical or flat. They could be decorated with relief drawings depicting flowers, fruits or genre scenes taken from mythology. In rich houses, it was customary to serve drinks, wines, and seasonings in such bottles. “Simpler” bottles were used to store liquid products. Although their cost at that time was very high.
The bottles were sealed with corks, then they were filled with wax, and only then the manufacturer or owner of the product put his seal on the wax. Later, in the 17th-18th centuries, another use was found for bottles: they began to store perfumes and medicines. Such bottles had to be hermetically sealed, for which they began to use ground-in corks.
In 1635, glass factory production was launched in Russia. At the same time, glass vessels began to be produced. The very first domestic bottle intended for pharmaceutical purposes was produced at a glass factory that was built near the Istra station.
In the history of glass bottles, one can note their great diversity. A wide variety of bottles are produced, both by purpose and by shape, color and capacity. This is especially true for vessels for wines: Bordeaux (they have the shape of a cylinder, tapering sharply towards the neck), Rhine, Burgundy, champagne, as well as bottles that are intended for dessert and strong wines, such as port, vermouth, Tokay and others.
A large number of types of bottles are produced for liqueurs and similar drinks. Their increased number depends not so much on the functional properties, but on the competition that exists between the manufacturing companies producing these products.
The glass of bottles can be either transparent or colored (most often, vessels of brown and green colors are found - from light to dark colors). The range of their capacity is also very wide, from 0.5 liters to several liters. However, the actual capacity of bottles of the same denomination varies from country to country. This is determined by the system of measures adopted in a particular state.
An interesting fact is that there are bottles that have large sizes and their own names, depending on the multiple of their volume (for example, 1/6 gallon in different countries holds from 0.63 l to 0.76 l). Such vessels have biblical names: Magnum (1/3 gallon capacity - that's two standard bottles), Trignum (holds 3 bottles), Jerovam (holds 4 bottles), Rechavam (6 standard bottles), Methuselah (there are already 8 standard bottles), Shalmaneser (12), Belshazzar (holds 16 bottles) and Nebuchadnezzar (can hold 20 standard bottles).
How nice it is to open a bottle of cold drink on a hot day! It doesn’t matter what, as long as it quenches your thirst. Some people like Cola, some like beer, some like regular lemonade. Drinks in glass bottles are so common that few people ask questions about the history of the glass bottle.
The first glass bottle dates back to 1370 BC. It was found by archaeologists during excavations at Tel Amarna in Egypt. This vessel was cylindrical in shape with a narrow neck. Scientists have determined the technology for making the first glass bottles - this is a method of molding quartz sand followed by firing. These bottles were expensive and rare.
The development of bottle technology occurred in the 1st century BC. The first bottle made by blowing molten glass was found in Phenicia. Samples found later showed that there were standards for making bottles at that time. These standards concerned volume and shape. Roman bottles had a clear standard and were branded with the imperial mark. Most likely, the empire held a monopoly on bottle production.
The method of glass blowing for mass production of bottles has been used for a very long time. Phoenicians, Romans, Europeans after the Crusades - this is how bottle production spread throughout the world. It took humanity twenty centuries to come up with the idea of mass production of this utensil in automatic mode. Now they produce several types of bottles for wines, cognacs, and drinks. There are international standards for medicine bottles.
All modern production of cheap tableware was made possible thanks to the invention of the bottle machine by the American inventor Michael Owens. He came up with a machine that fed molten glass through 6 sleeves. The molten glass was pumped into the mold using a vacuum pump. Owens received a patent for his invention in 1903. Five years later, Owens' patent ended up in the ownership of the German manufacturers' union in order to bury the mass production of bottles forever. German manufacturers did not want to lose the fabulous profits from handicraft glassblowing production. Their idea failed.
Many enterprises began to make their own vacuum machines and produce drink bottles on a large scale. The need for large quantities appeared with the invention of metal bottle caps, which made it possible to preserve drinks for a long time under high pressure.
With these inventions, the bottle machine and metal caps, the bottle was firmly established on store shelves and in our refrigerators for a century. Of course, glass containers have lost ground a little with the introduction of food-grade plastic. But we won’t see the decline of automatic bottle production for a long time. It is possible that this will happen with our descendants.
"Plastic bottle"
design and research work
environmental orientation
Completed by: Zinkina Maria Vladimirovna, 6th grade student
Supervisor:
Vera Aleksandrovna Gracheva, teacher of geography, biology and chemistry, Krasnoarmeyskaya Basic Secondary School
RM, Torbeevsky district, Krasnoarmeysky village, st. Shkolnaya, 1.
Phone 2-43-39, email:sportsmen58@ mail. ru
Head of MBOU "Krasnoarmeyskaya Basic Secondary School" Elena Vasilievna Golyatkina
The history of the bottle _____________________________________5
The history of the appearance of the plastic bottle_______________7
What is a plastic bottle made of? ___________________9
Creation of bio bottles ______________________________10
Environmental problems associated with plastic bottles_______________________________________________12
Recycling plastic bottles___________13
Second life of plastic bottles____________________15
Introduction ________________________________________________ 3
General information about plastic bottles.____________________
Sociological survey__________________________________________16
Experimental part __________________________________17
References _______________________________________________21
Applications _____________________________________________22
Introduction.
The huge amount of garbage on the streets of the village made me think about the question: what does a plastic bottle bring to a person - benefit or harm?
It seems that things like glass and plastic bottles have surrounded me since childhood, so I didn’t pay much attention to them. But one day, during the next cleaning of the territory of our village and during the natural history lessons of the 5th grade and geography of the 6th grade, I learned and understood that for our village they are the main pollutants of the environment. We collect them in bags, then they are burned or taken outside the village. That's all? Everything remains in its place. The atmosphere during combustion is polluted, the soils are natural graves in which bottles can be preserved for hundreds of years. More on this later in my work. It is no coincidence that I became interested in this topic; I want the territory of my village and my country, my Earth, not to suffer from the disposal of such necessary packaging material and, unfortunately, so harmful to the environment and human health. I found out about this later, while studying the relevant materials. And also, while studying Internet resources, I learned that this packaging material can still serve for the benefit of a person. It is used for the construction of fences, residential buildings, terraces, decorating the facades of houses and gardens.
Our grandmothers and mothers remember the time when in our village glass bottles were collected and handed over to stores in exchange for money, and these bottles were taken away for recycling and the production of new bottles. And now? Now both glass and plastic bottles litter our streets! And not only!
Relevance of the topic: all the streets of the village, the road towards the regional center from our village, especially at the entrance to the regional center, are littered
garbage, most of which consists of plastic bottles, is the fault of the residents of the village of Torbeevo. They lie along the roadsides. There are especially many of them after the holidays. Entire bags of empty bottles are thrown directly onto the road. The surrounding area of our village may gradually turn into one large landfill. In the warm season, we schoolchildren often work to collect garbage in the center and along the road. But it’s scary to think how many of them will appear again after the snow melts? These days, millions of bottles are produced and thrown away every year.
Goal of the work- explore the significance of plastic bottles in human life and nature.
Tasks:
Learn about the history of the creation and use of plastic bottles.
Find a use for used plastic bottles.
Draw the attention of classmates to respect the environment.
Significance and applied value of the work The idea is that recycling plastic bottles preserves the environment, develops creativity, and expands knowledge about the history of things.
2. General information about plastic bottles.
2.1. The history of the bottle.
While studying the history of the creation of the bottle, I turned to dictionaries to decipher the concept of bottle. The “Small Soviet Encyclopedia” (editor-in-chief B.A. Vedensky, 1958) gives the following definition of a bottle (Polish - butelka, from French - bouteille) - a measure of the volume of liquids before the introduction of the metric system of measures in Russia. Wine bottle = 1/16th of a bucket = 0.7687 liters; vodka or beer = 1/20 of a bucket = 0.6150 l.
In the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl it is written “Bottle (frnts) - a narrow-necked glass vessel in which grape wines are kept and served; by appearance and capacity, they are distinguished: table or simple bottles, round or inflated, for sweet wines ... ".
A bottle is a container for long-term storage of liquids, a tall vessel of predominantly cylindrical shape and with a narrow neck, convenient for sealing with a stopper. Large bottles are sometimes called carboys. It is made primarily of glass, often dark; recently, bottles made of polymer materials (usually polyethylene) have become common. Bottles made of ceramics, metal and other materials are less common.
The first prototype of a modern bottle can be called clay amphorae. It is interesting that with the invention of glass, the first item of production was a bottle. But ancient glass bottles were little like modern containers: shapeless, thick-walled, made of cloudy glass with air bubbles. For ease of carrying, a special ear was attached to them.
The Phoenicians were the first to master this technology (VI century). Unlike clay amphorae, such bottles did not allow liquid to pass through, so they quickly gained popularity.
In the 18th century, Venetian craftsmen mastered glass craft. Their technology involved the use of special metal molds for casting bottles. So the bottle became a whole work of art: a bizarre shape with complex relief designs and scenes from ancient mythology.
They were used not only for drinks, but also for storing rare seasonings. Later, glass vessels were used for medicines and perfumes.
The first domestic bottle appeared in 1635 at a factory located in the area of the current Istra station near Moscow. The first batch was intended for storing medicines. Two types of bottles were produced for wine: volumes of 1/16 and 1/12 of a bucket.
Another key date in the history of wine and bottles was 1894. There was a transition from manual production to machine production. Manufacturing standards emerged, prices fell sharply, and glassware in the usual sense finally entered into human everyday life.
The trends of the millennial pursuit of functionality and cheapness are now changing in the opposite direction: in modern bottles their uniqueness is valued, and the functions of table decoration are assigned to it. There are many who collect bottles. There is even a museum in Madrid where over 10 thousand different specimens are exhibited.
But history also shows something else... For a long time, the presence of a bottle on noble tables was considered bad form. Anything - silver, ceramic, glass jugs, bowls, but not bottles! This utensil was considered common, peasant. Despite the fact that it was very expensive and had a wide variety of forms. The situation was turned around by a certain marquis, who left no history of his name. He risked shocking the noble guests and placed bottled wine on the dining table. The effect exceeded all expectations - the bottle on the table became common throughout aristocratic Europe.
A glass bottle is more expensive, as a result of which a drink in a glass container is more expensive than a drink of the same volume in a plastic container. Among the advantages of glass, there is better storage of the drink, which is why it is believed that a drink from a glass bottle tastes better. Another advantage for the buyer of glass bottles is the possibility of repeated use.
2.2. The history of the plastic bottle
In the modern world, no one is surprised by the appearance of a plastic bottle. Such bottles, as a rule, have a larger volume compared to glass ones, and are safer due to their elasticity.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used as a raw material for the production of PET bottles. Polyethylene terephthalate was first produced in 1941 by specialists from British Calico Printers (England) in the form of a synthetic fiber. Until the mid-60s, PET was used to create textile fibers, after which it began to be used to make packaging films, and in the early 70s, the first one was born at DuPont. PET bottle(DuPont wanted a plastic container that could compete with glass in the manufacture of containers for dispensing carbonated and still drinks).
Today, the production of food containers is the most significant area of application of PET granules. The pioneers in creating the first industrial blow molding machines were the companies Sidel (France) and Krupp Corpoplast (Germany). First time plastic bottle Pepsi appeared on the US market in 1970.
The plastic bottle replaced the glass bottle back in the USSR, when in 1974 the PepsiCo company opened a lemonade production plant in Novorossiysk. Almost half a century has passed since then, and now the once fashionable bottle has become commonplace. What is a plastic bottle made of or what helped it displace traditional glass and take first place as a container for liquids.
Despite the fact that plastic loses to glass in matters related to long-term injury and environmental friendliness, it has a number of undeniable advantages:
The weight of a half-liter plastic bottle is 28 grams, while its glass counterpart weighs 350 grams;
The main advantage is that it is cheaper to produce compared to glass or aluminum. At the same time, the barrier properties remain at the same level;
PET is more attractive from an aesthetic point of view, since it is transparent and has the appearance of an “absolutely clean” container;
If desired, such a bottle can be painted in any color without incurring significant production costs;
They do not break and can be completely recycled as secondary raw materials.
A PET bottle, even when the product inside it freezes, does not collapse and retains its barrier properties.
2.3. What is a plastic bottle made of?
It all starts with obtaining raw materials - oil production, which comes from distant fields. After receiving it for further processing, everything is loaded into containers, onto tankers and sent to factories. When hydrocarbons are heated and mixed with chemical catalysts, causing polymerization, plastic is produced. In addition, various components are released from it during processing. Next, the oil refinery receives gas, fuel oil and other products. Most bottles are made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET, also known as plastic).
Polyvinyl chloride is a chlorine-based polymer. All over the world, it is used to make soda bottles and cosmetics boxes because it is very cheap.
But over time, PVC containers begin to release a harmful substance - vinyl chloride. Naturally, from the bottle it gets into the soda, from the box into the cream, and from there directly into the human body. And vinyl chloride, by the way, is a carcinogenic substance - it causes cancer. A PVC bottle begins to release this dangerous substance a week after the contents are poured into it. After a month, several milligrams of vinyl chloride accumulate in mineral water. From the point of view of oncologists, this is a lot. Moreover, the longer the product is stored, the greater the amount of nitriles in it. American scientists have calculated that by drinking from a plastic bottle 1000 times, you will shorten your life by 10 minutes. Perhaps there are many stretches in these calculations. But it seems impossible to call plastic containers dietary or at least environmentally friendly. How to distinguish dangerous PVC bottles from safe plastic bottles? You need to inspect the bottom. Conscientious manufacturers put a symbol on the bottom of dangerous bottles - a three in a triangle. Or they write PVC - this is what the familiar abbreviation PVC looks like in English. But there are few such bottles with honest inscriptions. The majority of plastic containers are not provided with any intelligible markings. A harmful container can also be recognized by the influx on the bottom. It comes in the form of a line or a spear with two ends. But the surest way is to press the bottle with your fingernail. If the container is dangerous, a whitish scar will form on it. The safe polymer bottle remains smooth.
2.4. Creation of bio bottles.
Company PepsiCoannounced the development of the world's first PET bottle made from 100% renewable plant materials. Now, when producing beverage containers, the company will be able to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
The new bio bottle is 100% recyclable. It consists entirely of bio-based raw materials, including pine bark, millet and grain husks. In the future, the company plans to expand the list of raw materials used and add orange peels, potato peelings, oat husks and other agricultural waste generated in food production. PepsiCo.
By combining biological and chemical processes, PepsiCo developed a method for creating a molecular structure identical to petroleum-based PET material. As a result, the new bio bottle is in no way inferior to a traditional PET bottle in its characteristics.
Using this kind of innovation to preserve the environment is a fundamentally new approach among commercial companies. Coca-Cola, which owns the BonAqua brand, decided to go further and “start with itself.” At the request of the company, a unique technology was developed that makes it possible to use up to 30 percent of plant materials in the production of plastic for bottles, in particular from cane waste used in the production of sugar. Plant material is used to produce one of the two key components of plastic, which is obtained by refining crude oil. The remaining 70% of the composition is terephthalic acid (PTA).
In the fall of 2008, the Italian drinking water company Fonti di Vinadio introduced a new half-liter biological bottle made from polylactic acids (PLA) using Ingeo technology. One of the advantages of the bottle is that once thrown away, it completely decomposes under the influence of microorganisms.
Ingeo technology was developed by the American company Natureworks and has already been used to produce bottles in Ireland and Canada. Unlike conventional plastics, Ingeo material is obtained from renewable sources and decomposes after use, which fully satisfies the EU requirement for packaging recycling (UNI EN 13432).
50 million biological bottles of water will hit the retail chain, which will differ from regular plastic ones in color (the bio-bottle is green) and labeling. The distribution of organic bottles will also be limited to a certain territory, which will allow the manufacturer to monitor the behavior of the new product on the market and the reaction of consumers. The production of a bio-bottle costs 2-3 times more than a conventional one made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), due to the higher cost of raw materials, production, storage and transportation of relatively small volumes of product. However, he is confident that with the start of mass production of bio-bottles, this difference will be significantly reduced. The benefits of the bottle are not limited to its ability to biodegrade. A bio-bottle is lighter than one made from polyethylene terephthalate, so significantly less energy will be used to produce it.
2.5. Environmental problems associated with plastic bottles.
The production and consumption of plastic containers is constantly increasing around the world. As a result, waste is stored that does not decompose. At the same time, plastic bottles are a very common form of waste around the world.
Today, 50% of solid household waste consists of used packaging (mainly polymer and combined packaging, most types of which are not subject to processes of biological destruction and decay and can remain in the soil for many decades (the decay time of a bottle is about 500 years).
People are already tired of the plastic waste that they themselves create. The creation of plastic packaging solved many problems, but also created no less. The garbage that our fathers left in their vacation spots has long turned into dust, and even our great-great-grandchildren will see our plastic bottles, because they are “eternal.”
Mostly they are buried in the ground or burned. Sometimes they are placed in metal containers and thrown into the seas and oceans, and sometimes even into rivers and lakes that are sources of drinking water (which is completely unacceptable).
In the Russian Federation, 90% of solid waste is buried in the ground, and the remaining 10% is burned. The number of industrial and household waste dumps in our country, authorized and especially unauthorized, has been continuously growing in recent years. .
Incineration is a common worldwide method of disposal of household waste, used since the end of the 19th century. Its main advantage, compared to landfill, is the reduction in waste volume by more than 10 times, and mass by 3 times. Of course, this is very convenient. Several decades ago, when there was not so much waste, and plastic packaging and products made from polymeric materials did not make up the vast majority of solid waste, waste incineration did not pose such a threat to the environment and human health as it does now. In the 80s of the last century, it was found that in the process of burning solid combustible materials, various toxic products are formed that enter the atmosphere.
Discarded bottles do not always end up in landfills. The world's oceans are filled with such garbage, which poses a serious threat to many marine organisms, since small segments can be consumed by ocean inhabitants.
The small city of Concord (Massachusetts) is the first town in the United States to ban the sale of water in plastic bottles.
2.6. Recycling plastic bottles
Recycling of PET bottles - in Europe, recycling of PET bottles is on a state basis. For CIS countries, recycling of used PET containers is an environmental problem. Although the PET bottle is environmentally friendly, when burned, polyethylene terephthalate releases a large amount of carcinogens. A safer and much more profitable solution is to recycle used PET containers. In England today, 70% of PET bottles are recycled, in Germany - 80-85%, in Sweden - 90-95% (this is the highest figure in Europe). The principle of state regulation of the processing of PET containers is that its manufacturers pay a special tax, which includes the cost of future processing. From this money the state finances recycling. The construction of one recycling plant can cost up to 50 million.
The recycling process includes mechanical recycling (crushing) and chemical recycling (crushed parts are broken down into their constituent parts). Each of the resulting components goes through a purification stage. The process of obtaining recycled PET is completed by granulation. The resulting granulate has a lower viscosity than the primary one, that is, its quality is already lower. This PET granulate is used in various fields - in the production of preforms, up to 5-10% of recycled materials can be added; it also produces good raw materials for the textile industry, the production of tiles, Euro pallets, and cotton wool. Abrasive wheels for grinding and polishing are produced from recycled PET, after adding glass fiber to it. Ford casts engine covers for trucks, and Toyota casts panels, bumpers, and doors for cars from polymer compositions containing recycled PET.
In post-Soviet territory, PET bottles are not recycled en masse. So far, only isolated attempts have been made to produce paving slabs from recycled PET, and technologies have been developed (but not implemented) for the production of various insulation and building materials from recycled polyethylene terephthalate.
2.7. Second life of plastic bottles.
Studying material about plastic bottles, especially Internet resources, I also came to the conclusion that a plastic bottle can and should really have a second life! By giving plastic bottles a second life, you not only make your life easier and save money from the family budget, but also save nature! You can come up with a lot of uses for plastic bottles.
In backward countries of the world, where ordinary European dishes and containers are rare, plastic containers are in significant demand. In African countries, sandals are made from flattened one and a half liter bottles, and in Ethiopia, used bottles are sold directly in markets. Bottles are used to make birdhouses, mousetraps, funnels and seedling pots, used to protect young rice shoots, hung on fences as scarecrows to keep out crows, and used as waterproof caps on the tops of posts. In Indonesia - stabilizers to give stability to fishing boats. In Mongolia they are burned as sacrifices to spirits.
You can make many useful things from plastic bottles that will not only bring benefits, but also save your budget. There are a lot of empty plastic bottles left in every household. Along with other household waste, they end up in the trash can and then in a landfill. Although they can still serve us well in the homestead. In experienced hands, an empty plastic bottle can turn into dozens of useful tools for the garden in all seasons.
Since childhood, I have been interested in making all kinds of toys from different materials. This love was instilled in me by my mother, who provides me with great help. But this is the first time I’ve encountered crafts made from plastic bottles, although my grandmother’s yard is decorated with flowers made from bottles. And I wondered if I could do something with my own hands. My first “invention” was a beehive with bees. I like it! And now I’m unlikely to stop there...
3. Sociological survey.
I decided to find out what products in plastic packaging are purchased, how they are used and where the packaging goes in the families of our students in grades 5-9. I didn’t invent anything and took the questions from the Internet. School children and teachers from 23 families answered the questions.
Participants were asked the following questions:
1. Do you buy food in plastic packaging? Which?
2. Where do you put plastic bottles after use?
3. If you don’t throw it away, how do you use plastic bottles?
The results of the survey showed the following result:
Question 1. Do you buy food in plastic packaging? Which?
Yes – 23 people
Mineral water – 46 people
Sparkling water, juices, drinks – 64 people
Ketchup – 28 people
Mayonnaise – 40 people
Drinking yoghurt – 80 people
No – 0 people.
Curds, noodles, mashed potatoes – 27 people.
In addition, beer, vegetable oil and other products are purchased.
Question 2. Where do you put plastic bottles after use?
Throwing out - 5 people
We burn – 16 people
We use it on the farm – 10 people
We bury – 3 people
Question 3: If you don’t throw it away, how do you use plastic bottles?
For planting seedlings – 14 people
For a household – 14 people
Use for milk, kvass, jam – 10 people
Making crafts – 8 people
The survey showed that families of students at our school buy food in plastic packaging and in most cases it is mineral water, beer and carbonated drinks. Most families burn the used packaging, several families throw it away, and also use it in the household for planting seedlings, for milk, and kvass. And again the question arises: where do they go? There is only one answer - they are thrown away or burned.
Experimental work
While preparing this project, I learned that plastic is not affected by chemicals. Became interesting! And the teacher and I also conducted our own experiment. A solution of concentrated sulfuric acid, alkali and 70% acetic acid were poured into 3 glasses, because Vinegar essence is sold in glass containers in stores. A piece of a plastic bottle, a fragment of a cork and a silk ribbon were placed in each glass.
An hour after the experiment, the ribbon completely dissolved in sulfuric acid. But the most amazing thing was that after five hours only a small speck remained from a piece of a plastic bottle. And the next morning, in a glass with concentrated sulfuric acid, only a fragment of the cork of a plastic bottle remained, and the color of the acid on the surface changed to brown (they used a piece of a brown beer bottle).
A week later, we checked the contents of the glasses and saw that there were no changes in either acetic acid or alkali with the test samples.
Conclusion. After an experiment I conducted, I was convinced that a plastic bottle can decompose in concentrated sulfuric acid, and the cork does not collapse under the influence of chemical reagents, even in concentrated acid. This made me think about chemical recycling of plastic bottles using concentrated acids, but this is realistic for the city!!!
Consequently, when they get into the ground, bottles and corks will not decompose and rot, but will only clog the soil.
What to do with plastic in rural areas? Maybe really burn it, like many families do?
I decided to be present at this process when dad burned bottles and other garbage. When set on fire, the bottle changed shape, as if melting, and then burned, releasing black smoke and a sharp unpleasant odor.
Conclusion: Burning plastic bottles releases toxic smoke, which pollutes the air and has a negative impact on human health.
I became convinced that plastic bottles should not be burned or thrown away.
And if you choose the lesser of two evils, then in the village it is better to burn bottles away from the residential sector.
As a result of the research work done, I found out the history of bottles from the first glass bottles to plastic bottles made from chemical raw materials. Thanks to such properties as lightness, elasticity, and strength, plastic bottles are convenient to use, therefore they occupy an increasingly important place in human life, but a problem arises associated with the disposal of bottles after use.
What I saw after working in the chemistry classroom interested me very much. I read a lot of similar works, but everywhere it was written that “...plastic packaging does not decompose even under the influence of chemical reagents, and when burned they emit toxic smoke that is dangerous to human health.” I agree about the smoke, but my experiment proved that bottles decompose in concentrated sulfuric acid, but remain unchanged in acetic acid and alkali solution.
Plastic packaging really litters the earth and harms the environment, but I think that the time will come and they will learn to recycle plastic bottles, as they do in some countries.
It is necessary to pay attention to the environmental education of citizens. Adults should teach their children from an early age to respect nature and be an example for them. Selling recycled materials is not only a way to earn money, but also to save our natural resources, to keep the air, forests, rivers, and seas clean.
Reducing the amount of waste produced and increasing the share of it recycled requires coordinated efforts by the entire population, business community and government.
When purchasing goods, pay attention to the environmental label on the packaging. For many consumers, the “recyclable” label means more than a quality label.
Bibliography
Alekseev S.V., Gruzdeva N.V., Muravyov A.G., Gushchina E.V. Workshop on ecology: Textbook [Text] / Ed. S.V. Alekseeva. – M.: OA MDS, 2000. – 192 p.
Wikipedia free encyclopedia [electronic resource] Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
V.I.Dal, explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: T.1-4, -M.: Rus.yaz., 1998. P. 146.
Children's portal bebi.lv [electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.bebi.lv/otdih-i-dosug-s-detjmi/podelki-iz-plastikovih-butilok.html.
Small Soviet Encyclopedia, chief editor. B.A.Vedensky, T.2, M.: state scientific publishing house “Big Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1958. P.51.
Website "Ecology" [electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.ecology.md/section.php?section=tech&id=2220
Answers mail.ru [electronic resource] Access mode: http://otvet.mail.ru/question/26708805/
Application.
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The first Phoenician bottles
The first prototype of a modern bottle can be called clay amphorae. It is interesting that with the invention of glass, the first item of production was just the bottle.
But ancient glass bottles were little like modern containers: shapeless, thick-walled, cloudy glass with air bubbles. For ease of carrying, a special ear was attached to them.
The Phoenicians were the first to master this technology (VI century). Unlike clay amphorae, such bottles did not allow liquid to pass through, so they quickly gained popularity.
When the bottle started to look like a bottle
In the 18th century, Venetian craftsmen mastered glass craft. Their technology involved the use of special metal molds for casting bottles. So the bottle became whole: a bizarre shape with complex relief designs and scenes from ancient mythology.
They were used not only for drinks, but also for storing rare seasonings. Later, glass vessels were used for medicines and perfumes.
The first Russian bottle of 1635When was the first bottle made in Rus'?
The first domestic bottle appeared in 1635 at a factory located in the area of the current Istra station near Moscow. The first batch was intended for storing medicines. Two types of bottles were produced: volumes of 1/16 and 1/12 of a bucket.
Industrial production
Another key date in the history of wine and bottles was 1894. There was a transition from manual production to machine production. Manufacturing standards appeared, prices fell sharply, and in the usual sense it finally entered into human everyday life.
Production today
The trends of the millennial pursuit of functionality and cheapness are now changing in the opposite direction: in modern bottles their uniqueness is valued, and the functions of table decoration are assigned to it. There are many who collect bottles. There is even a museum in Madrid where over 10 thousand different specimens are exhibited.
Classic shapes of wine bottles
- The Bordeaux form has unofficially become the standard for red wines. The concave bottom prevents sediment from entering. Available in green or clear glass.
- Burgundy bottles are used for both red and white wines. The traditional Burgundy bottle is made of green glass.
- Flute-type bottles are similar to Burgundy bottles, but have a more elongated shape. The birthplace of such bottles is Germany. Most often used for German wines
- Bottles for sparkling wines. According to legend, it was invented by the French monk Dom Perignon. They have a concave bottom and thick walls, which allows them to contain the internal pressure of sparkling wines. I wonder what before
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Good lids to help orphans
The charity event has been popular in Moscow for three years now. #Good_lids in favor of the fund "Volunteers to help orphans ».
During this time, more than 500 thousand people throughout Russia took part in the action. Over two and a half years, volunteers collected more than 125 tons of plastic caps, which were sent for recycling, and funds in the amount of 3 million 77 thousand rubles were transferred to the “Close People” project of the “Volunteers to Help Orphans” foundation. This was enough for 17 wheelchairs, upright chairs, and special chairs for children with special needs who are being raised by foster families.
How it works: plastic caps from bottles and bags are collected at various collection points and partner bases in, including in the VkusVill chain of stores.
The collected caps will be sent to the EcoTechnology recycling plant, and the money for the recyclables will be transferred to a charitable foundation.
If you collect about 8 tons of plastic (that's one truck), you can get the necessary amount for a wheelchair for a child. In total, this is 4 million caps (1 kg is about 500 pieces), the price of one cap is 7 kopecks, and tons of plastic is about 25 thousand rubles.
Collection points for caps can be organized on their territory by individuals, companies, schools and various centers.
The action began in Moscow, then spread to the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, Tula and other Russian cities.
Why are caps collected and not whole bottles?
- Caps are easier and more enjoyable to collect and store than bottles. In addition, plastic must be returned clean, and it is much easier to wash the cap than the bottle.
- Bottles take up more space than caps and are much more expensive to store and transport.
- The cost of the cap is almost the same as that of the bottle.
In Russia, similar campaigns to collect lids were launched by various organizations in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tyumen, Belgorod, Kaliningrad and other cities.Many were inspired by similar initiatives abroad, as the movement to collect caps for the benefit of charities is a fairly common practice.Containers for collecting caps are installed in large supermarkets, educational institutions, sports centers, cafes and restaurants, gas stations, police and municipal structures and other places.
The popularity of the “lid” movement ensures that it is a simple and unpretentious gesture that costs a person nothing, and at the same time helps both the environment and people in need:for prosthetics, wheelchairs, expensive treatment, etc.
Who initiates
Civil initiative
In Turkey, the story of collecting plastic caps began in 2011. A student at the Faculty of Dentistry at the Aegean University, Kukhtrim Ahmeti, felt sorry for the woman who was dragging a disabled child on her back - the family did not have money for a wheelchair. He came up with the idea"Blue cap" for moneyassembled plastic buy a stroller. The university was initially suspicious of the initiative, but Akhmeti managed to enlist the support of the dean, and within three months the first wheelchair was purchased.
The Internet, social networks, and the media were full of messages about the project, the campaign from the university migrated to the streets, to public places - people made different types of boxes, five-liter plastic bottles appeared on the trees to collect caps, cafes and restaurants gradually joined the action.The campaign collected about 280 tons of plastic, 1,100 wheelchairs were purchased (see also speech by A. Kukhtrima at TEDx).
In the USA, similar initiatives have become popular since 2008, one of the most famous is the Cups of Love project, which began with the collection of recyclable materials, and since 2014, money from recycling has become donate to charity. During this time, 59 wheelchairs were purchased.
Gosudonation
In Malta, plastic caps are collected for the benefit of a local community fund Malta Community Chest Fund , which is under the patronage of the president of the country. Initially, public schools became collection points for recyclable materials, collecting more than 115 tons of plastic over 5 years. Since the end of 2016, it was decided to replicate this experience in the business sphere: in bars, restaurants, sports clubs.
Plastic collection provided by social enterprise GreenPak , and a commercial company makes a donation to a charitable organization, thereby not only demonstrating social and environmental responsibility, but also reducing waste disposal costs. There is also an element of competition, as well as reputation bonuses. So, the one who collects the most plastic is awarded a special prize President of Malta.
Business
In a number of other countries, the initiative to collect plastic or metal caps for the benefit of charities comes from businesses. As a rule, these are social marketing campaigns for establishments where there are always plenty of caps from bottles of drinks: bars, restaurants and other similar establishments. It is common practice for visitors to have the opportunity to choose which local NGO their cork will go to. The one that helps cats, children or culture? You can choose a different organization every month, week, or even day.
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Additional PR and fundraising
Often the mass collection of caps becomes a grandiose event in itself. For example, in 2013, a Colombian charity Fundación Sanar, helping children with cancer, collected 70 million caps (more than 150 tons of plastic) in 8 hours. This result was included in the Guinness Book of Records, many media outlets wrote about the event, and most importantly, the necessary funds were raised for five hundred young patients. A similar previous record was also set in 2011 by the charitable organization Fundación Garrahan (Argentina).
On the Guinness Book of Records website you can see many other records with lids: the longest chain, the largest mosaic, the tallest pyramid of lids for the city day, etc.
A number of such promotions have official sponsors - business companies, for which this is also additional advertising. In other cases, state-owned companies are involved: post office, police and others, turning into almost a national idea for citizens. Similar actions took place in Spain, Poland, and the USA, so you can study the examples in detail. By the way, 2017 has been declared the Year of Ecology in Russia.
Bad experience
Not all such actions are equally successful. For example, in 2015, the Ukrainian charitable foundation "Oats" also launched a campaign to collect plastic bottles (water, juice, dairy products) and, separately, plastic caps. Collection points for caps have been installed in retail chains and public places throughout Ukraine. They were going to use the proceeds to buy prosthetics. The action was supported by the Ministry of Ecology of Ukraine.
Everything seems to be fine. However, the visual and communication campaign was not built very well - people did not understand the campaign and considered it a joke, since it is impossible to make a high-quality prosthesis from collected plastic. Others were against the purpose of the collection: for prosthetics for former combatants. The foundation had to constantly explain that the prosthetics would be the most high-tech, and they would be paid for using funds received from plastic recycling.
Whichmoregarbage goes to charity
Anyone who lived through Soviet times is familiar with the collection of waste paper and scrap metal for the Children's Peace Fund named after. Lenin. They would probably also collect plastic, but it was not yet widespread at that time.
Meanwhile, the websites of international charitable organizations are full of information about the constant collection of almost any recyclable materials and unnecessary things: electronic waste (batteries, old mobile phones, laptops, printers, etc.), used printer cartridges, old toothbrushes, tubes of toothpaste, shampoo, books , furniture, any brands and much more. The corresponding infrastructure is widespread - aggregator resources that organize similar collections for non-profit organizations; There are social enterprises that take on the entire organizational cycle of fundraising in favor of a particular charitable organization.
Garbage bags are also produced at the request of non-profit organizations - by purchasing a household item, a person helps a charitable organization.
Even old ones are collected for the benefit of charitable organizations. cars . For example, according to the social enterprise website giveacar, Thousands of cars have already been disposed of, and the proceeds (more than 350,000 euros) went to charity - in favor of the organization chosen by the car owner.
Multitasking: ecology + fundraising + employment + ...
The peculiarity of the above actions is “two in one”, that is, the simultaneous solution of social and environmental problems. But there are also actions based on the “three in one” principle: simultaneously preserving the environment and solving several social problems. Typically, social entrepreneurs operate according to this scheme.
For example, in many countries they collect already unnecessary textiles and shoes. Items of good quality orsold in charity shops,either sent to less wealthy regions, ordistributed free of charge to those in need.
Some of the textiles are taken by organizations that help animals (for example, to insulate dog shelters). It turns out, of course, not fundraising, but quite material assistance (in-kind) or a reduction in direct costs (fundsaving).
And even those rags that no one needs anymore can be taken to a textile processing factory.
According to the described scheme in Russia, for example, it works Charity Shop.
Another option for a multi-component model is to combine garbage collection with employment for vulnerable groups . For example, in Germany and a number of other European countries, a network of Catholic charities Caritas also organizes a massive collection of unnecessary items - from clothes to furniture and large equipment. In many localities, special containers or collection points have been installed.
In addition to environmental goals, social problems are also solved:
- development of creative use of resources (Upcycling) - not onlyprocessing, but alsomaking necessary and useful things from unnecessary things;
- providing jobs for people who find it difficult to find employment, often people with mental disabilities, migrants who do not know the language well. These people are involved at all stages: sorting donated items, repairing them, etc.;
- transferring things to the poor or selling them at a minimal price. For example, furniture or repaired household appliances (washing machines, refrigerators).
According to a similar scheme, charitable foundations organize the collection of surplus goods from the population.flowers, fruits, vegetables. Thanks to this, unemployed citizens learn new professions (for example, florist), receive work and income by arranging bouquets, and the proceeds are sold and redirected to social purposes.
Biological waste
There is another initiative that also addresses both environmental and social issues. While her description sounds anecdotal, large foundations such as Oxfam and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have become interested in developments in microbiology that make it possible to extract energy from human urine (Pee-power).
The development of such solutions could have a significant impact in the field of humanitarian problems. For example, just one portion of biomaterial can charge a mobile phone for 3 hours - such portable deviceswill transmit the person’s coordinates in emergency situations. Similar universalthe source of electricity is especially important in disaster areas and refugee camps. This also includes environmental protection - reducing soil and water pollution, reducing the level of diseases in regions with poor sanitary conditions.
Main conclusions
Collecting recyclable materials and other unnecessary things for charity is a simple and attractive idea, which also allows you to expand the circle of people participating in charity and volunteering:
- Simplicity and minimum effort- for example, simply do not throw the lid into the trash can, but throw it in a specially designated place; promoting the idea “every little helps”;
- Miraculous transformationsmall and unnecessary into a powerful result: helping people in need;
- Double effect. Even if there is doubt about the existence of a charitable purpose, the person knows that his contribution is at least beneficial to the environment;
- Reality and visibility result;
- Fun,game effects - elementcompetitiveness, craving for collecting;
- Involving children- educational effect, involvement in charity and entertainment;
- Mass character and democracy- the ability to involve a wide range of people, regardless of their gender and age;
- Development good neighborliness and solidarity;
- Drawing attention to a social problem - both environmental issues and people in need;
- Minimum costs- garbage usually costs nothing, and there is a simple but important messageto promote the idea of charity:You can help not only with money;
- Benefit and rationality- getting rid of excess trash, garbage, reducing waste removal costs, etc.
Main risks- these are all the threats that are attributed to such a phenomenon as charitable slacktivism (from the English “lazy person” (slack) and “activism”). In addition to the positive effect of attracting attention and increasing awareness of the issue, representatives of the non-profit sector are sounding the alarm about the popularity of this model of participation. A person “likes” the page of a charity organization and feels that he has already helped in solving a crisis situation. You no longer need to go anywhere, do anything, even donate money... As they show research , the “friend” who first shares a post about an event to help those in need is less likely to make a donation or other active action.
