“Unified State Exam Questions in Biology 2013” - Genotype of an organism. Symbiotic relationship. Protein molecule. Basic mistakes. Tobacco smoke. Similarities and differences between mutational and combinational variability. Nucleotide. How many cells are formed as a result of meiosis? Protein molecules. Blood type. Down syndrome. Triplet of nucleotides. Stages of energy metabolism. Biology consultation. Platelets. Combinative variability. Ability for chemo-autotrophic nutrition.
“Diseases of the excretory system” - Cystitis. Urethritis. Diabetic niphropathy. Nephrogenic anemia. Urolithiasis disease. Pyelonephritis. Hydronephrosis. Polycystic kidney disease. Renal colic. Amyloidosis of the kidneys. Acute diseases of the excretory system. Prostatitis.
“Paleogene period” - Climate. The climate was even tropical. Cenozoic era. Bony fish. Oligocene. Beginning of the Paleogene. Animal world. Diatrymes. Paleogene. Fan-tailed toothless birds. Upper Eocene. Paleogene period.
“Unified State Exam Questions in Biology” - The flourishing of the Birds class. What type of reproduction is considered asexual? Which chloroplast structure contains enzymes. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the organ. Somatic mutations. Appearance of tissues. Perception of irritation. In vertebrates, the organ of hearing changed during the process of evolution. Analysis of the Unified State Examination results in biology. Placentation. The emergence of lungs. Structure of the eye. How many autosomes are found in the nuclei of somatic cells?
“Rules of healthy eating” - Organization of full-service canteens. Implementation of the program. Chicken. Results of the program implementation. Protein. Proper nutrition- it's a way of life. Healthy eating. Proper nutrition. Nutrition theories. Meals for schoolchildren. Classical theory balanced nutrition. Comprehensive system reorganization school meals. Diets. Goals and objectives of the program. There are 2 options for developing a school nutrition diet.
“Production of dairy products” - Study of milk quality. Construction. Livestock industry. Excursion report. Determination of carbohydrates in milk. Staritsky creamery. Offer. Works of critics and analysts. Produced milk. The contribution of a great scientist. Contribution of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev to the development of the dairy industry. A true scientist. Order. Development of cheese making. Ideas. Determination of fat. Properties of milk components.
Today we will talk about organisms that use solar energy in their life. To do this, we need to touch upon a science such as bioenergy. She studies ways of converting energy by living organisms and using it in the process of life. Bioenergy is based on thermodynamics. This science describes the mechanisms of transformation various types energy into each other. Including the use and transformation of solar energy by various organisms. With the help of thermodynamics, it is possible to fully describe the energy mechanism of the processes occurring around us. But with the help of thermodynamics it is impossible to understand the nature of a particular process. In this article we will try to explain the mechanism for using solar energy by living organisms.
To describe the transformation of energy in living organisms or other objects on our planet, we should consider them from the point of view of thermodynamics. That is, a system exchanging energy with environment and objects. They can be divided into the following systems:
- Closed;
- Isolated;
- Open.
The living organisms discussed in this article are open systems. They conduct a continuous exchange of energy with the OS and surrounding objects. Along with water, air, and food, all kinds of chemical substances enter the body, which differ from it in chemical composition. Once in the body, they undergo deep processing. They go through a series of changes and become similar to the chemical composition of the body. After this, they temporarily become part of the body.
After some time, these substances are destroyed and provide the body with energy. Their breakdown products are removed from the body. Their place in the body is filled by other molecules. In this case, the integrity of the body’s structure is not violated. Such assimilation and processing of energy in the body ensures renewal of the body. Energy metabolism is necessary for the existence of all living organisms. When the energy conversion processes in the body stop, it dies.
Sunlight is the source of biological energy on Earth. Nuclear energy from the Sun produces radiant energy. Hydrogen atoms in our star are converted into He atoms as a result of the reaction. The energy released during the reaction is released in the form of gamma radiation. The reaction itself looks like this:
4H? He4 + 2e + hv, where
v is the wavelength of gamma rays;
h is Planck's constant.
Subsequently, after the interaction of gamma radiation and electrons, energy is released in the form of photons. This light energy is emitted by the celestial body.
When solar energy reaches the surface of our planet, it is captured and converted by plants. In them, the sun's energy is converted into chemical energy, which is stored in the form of chemical bonds. These are the bonds that connect atoms in molecules. An example is the synthesis of glucose in plants. The first stage of this energy conversion is photosynthesis. Plants provide it with chlorophyll. This pigment ensures the conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy. Carbohydrates are synthesized from H 2 O and CO 2. This ensures plant growth and energy transfer to the next stage.
The next stage of energy transfer occurs from plants to animals or bacteria. At this stage, the energy of carbohydrates in plants is converted into biological energy. This occurs during the oxidation of plant molecules. The amount of energy received corresponds to the amount that was spent on synthesis. Part of this energy is converted into heat. As a result, energy is stored in high-energy bonds of adenosine triphosphate. So solar energy, going through a series of transformations, appears in living organisms in a different form.
Here it is worth answering the frequently asked question: “Which organelle uses the energy of sunlight?” These are chloroplasts involved in the process of photosynthesis. They use it to synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances.
The continuous flow of energy is the essence of all living things. It constantly moves between cells and organisms. At the cellular level, there are efficient mechanisms for energy conversion. There are 2 main structures where energy conversion occurs:
- Chloroplasts;
- Mitochondria.
Humans, like other living organisms on the planet, replenish their energy reserves from foods. Moreover, part of the consumed products are of plant origin (apples, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes), and part of the animal (meat, fish and other seafood). The animals we eat also get their energy from plants. Therefore, all the energy our body receives is converted from plants. And for them it appears as a result of the conversion of solar energy.
According to the type of energy production, all organisms can be divided into two groups:
- Phototrophs. Draw energy from sunlight;
- Chemotrophs. They obtain energy during a redox reaction.
That is, solar energy is used by plants, and animals receive energy that is in organic molecules when they eat plants.
How is energy converted in living organisms?
There are 3 main types of energy converted by organisms:
- Conversion of radiant energy. This type of energy carries sunlight. In plants, radiant energy is captured by the pigment chlorophyll. As a result of photosynthesis, it is converted into chemical energy. That, in turn, is used in the process of oxygen synthesis and other reactions. Sunlight carries kinetic energy, and in plants it turns into potential energy. The resulting energy reserve is stored in nutrients. For example, in carbohydrates;
- Conversion of chemical energy. From carbohydrates and other molecules, it is converted into the energy of high-energy phosphate bonds. These transformations take place in mitochondria.
- Conversion of the energy of high-energy phosphate bonds. It is consumed by the cells of a living organism to perform different types works (mechanical, electrical, osmotic, etc.).
During these transformations, part of the energy reserve is lost and dissipated in the form of heat.
Organisms' use of stored energy
In the process of metabolism, the body receives an energy reserve that is spent on performing biological work. This can be light, mechanical, electrical, chemical work. And very most of The body uses energy in the form of heat.
The main types of energy in the body are briefly described below:
- Mechanical. Characterizes the movement of macrobodies, as well as the mechanical work of their movement. It can be divided into kinetic and potential. The first is determined by the speed of movement of macrobodies, and the second by their location in relation to each other;
- Chemical. Determined by the interaction of atoms in a molecule. It is the energy of electrons that move in the orbits of molecules and atoms;
- Electric. It is the interaction of charged particles that causes them to move in an electric field;
- Osmotic. Consumed when moving against the concentration gradient of substance molecules;
- Regulatory energy.
- Thermal. Determined by the chaotic movement of atoms and molecules. The main characteristic of this movement is temperature. This type of energy is the most devalued of all listed above.
The relationship between temperature and kinetic energy of an atom can be described by the following formula:
E h = 3/2rT, where
r is Boltzmann’s constant (1.380*10 -16 erg/deg).
How is energy released from nutrients?
There are 3 conventional steps in the process of extracting energy from nutrients;
- Preparatory. This step is required to convert biopolymers in food cells into monomers. This form is best for extracting energy. This process (hydrolysis) occurs in the intestines or internally. Hydrolysis occurs with the participation of lysosomes and cytoplasmic enzymes. The energy value of this stage is zero. At this stage, 1 percent of the energy value of the substrates is released, and all of it is lost as heat;
- At the second stage, monomers partially decompose to form intermediate products. Krebs cycle acids and acetyl-CoA are formed. The number of initial substrates at this stage is reduced to three and up to 20 percent of the energy reserve of the substrates is released. The process occurs anaerobically, that is, without access to oxygen. The energy is partially stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP, and the remainder is consumed in the form of heat. The breakdown of monomers occurs in the hyaloplasm, and the remaining processes occur in mitochondria;
- At the final stage, the monomers decompose to H 2 O and CO 2 in a reaction involving oxygen. Biological oxidation occurs with complete release of energy reserves. Of the 3 three metabolites that were present at the previous stage, only H 2 remains. It is a universal fuel in the respiratory chain. At this stage, the remaining 80 percent of the energy reserve is released. Some of the energy comes out as heat, and the rest is stored in phosphate bonds. All reactions at this stage take place in mitochondria.
The release of energy in living cells occurs gradually. At all stages of excretion, it can accumulate in a chemical form convenient for the cells of the substance. The energy structure of a cell includes 3 different functional blocks in which various processes take place:
- I-processes (formation of oxidation substrates, which correspond to the oxidative enzyme in cells);
- Block S-H 2 (oxidation substrate);
- Hydrogen generation processes. The output is KH 2 (hydrogen with coenzyme).
These complex multi-stage processes occur during the transformation of solar energy in plants and living organisms.
If you found this article useful, please share the link to it on in social networks. This will help the development of the site. Vote in the poll below and rate the material! Please leave corrections and additions to the article in the comments.
Tasks of parts C1-C4 Question: What chromosome set is characteristic of pine needle pulp cells and sperm cells? Explain from what initial cells and as a result of what division these cells are formed.
Answer: In the cells of pine needles, the set of chromosomes is 2n; in pine sperm – n. An adult pine plant develops from a zygote (2n). Pine sperm develop from haploid spores (n) by
mitosis
Question: Trace the path of hydrogen in the light and dark stages of photosynthesis from the moment of its formation to the synthesis of glucose.
Answer: B During the light phase of photosynthesis, under the influence of sunlight, photolysis of water occurs and hydrogen ions are formed. In the light phase, hydrogen combines with the NADP + carrier and produces NADP 2H. In the dark phase, hydrogen from NADP 2H is used in the reduction reaction of intermediate compounds from which glucose is synthesized.
Question: How is the energy of sunlight converted in the light and dark phases of photosynthesis into the energy of chemical bonds of glucose? Explain your answer.
Answer: In the light phase of photosynthesis, the energy from sunlight is converted into the energy of excited electrons, and then the energy of the excited electrons is converted into the energy of ATP and NADP-H. In the dark phase of photosynthesis, the energy of ATP and NADP-H is converted into the energy of chemical bonds of glucose.
Question: What role do the electrons of chlorophyll molecules play in photosynthesis?
Answer: Chlorophyll electrons, excited by sunlight, travel through electron transport chains and give up their energy to the formation of ATP and NADP-H.
Question: The rate of photosynthesis depends on limiting factors, including light, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature. Why are these factors limiting for photosynthesis reactions?
Answer: Light is necessary to excite chlorophyll, it supplies energy for the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is necessary in the dark phase of photosynthesis; glucose is synthesized from it. Temperature changes lead to denaturation of enzymes and photosynthetic reactions slow down.
Question: A section of one of the two chains of a DNA molecule contains 300 nucleotides with adenine (A), 100 nucleotides with thymine (T), 150 nucleotides with guanine (G) and 200 nucleotides with cytosine (C). How many nucleotides with A, T, G and C are contained in a double-stranded DNA molecule? How many amino acids should the protein encoded by this part of the DNA molecule contain? Explain your answer.
Answer: If one DNA strand has 300 A, 100 T, 150 G and 200 C, then the complementary chain has, respectively, 300 T, 100 A, 150 C and 200 G. Therefore, double-stranded DNA has 400 A, 400 T, 350 G and 350 C. If in one DNA chain there are 300 + 100 +150 + 200 = 750 nucleotides, then there are 750 / 3 = 250 triplets. Therefore, this section of DNA encodes 250 amino acids.
Question: In one DNA molecule, nucleotides with thymine (T) account for 24% of the total number of nucleotides. Determine the number (in%) of nucleotides with guanine (G), adenine (A), cytosine (C) in the DNA molecule and explain the results.
Answer: If 24% T, then, according to the principle of complementarity, 24% A. In total, A and T account for 48%, therefore, G and C in total account for 100% -48% = 52%. The amount of G is equal to the amount of C, 52% / 2 = 26%.
1.What environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem?
Answer:
1) anthropogenic: reduction of forest area, excessive hunting;
2) biotic: lack of food, competition, spread of diseases.
2. Determine the type and phase of division of the cell shown in the figure. What processes occur in this phase?
Answer:
1) the figure shows metaphase of mitosis;
2) spindle threads are attached to the centromeres of chromosomes;
3) in this phase, bichromatid chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane.
3.Why does plowing the soil improve the living conditions of cultivated plants?
Answer:
1) promotes the destruction of weeds and reduces competition with cultivated plants;
2) promotes the supply of plants with water and minerals;
3) increases the supply of oxygen to the roots.
4.How does a natural ecosystem differ from an agroecosystem?
Answer:
1) great biodiversity and diversity of food connections and food chains;
2) balanced circulation of substances;
3) long periods of existence.
5. Reveal the mechanisms that ensure the constancy of the number and shape of chromosomes in all cells of organisms from generation to generation?
Answer:
1) thanks to meiosis, gametes with a haploid set of chromosomes are formed;
2) during fertilization, the diploid set of chromosomes is restored in the zygote, which ensures the constancy of the chromosome set;
3) the growth of the organism occurs due to mitosis, which ensures the constancy of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells.
6.What is the role of bacteria in the cycle of substances?
Answer:
1) heterotrophic bacteria - decomposers decompose organic substances into minerals, which are absorbed by plants;
2) autotrophic bacteria (photo, chemotrophs) - producers synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones, ensuring the circulation of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
7.What features are characteristic of mossy plants?
Answer:
2) mosses reproduce both sexually and asexually with alternating generations: sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte);
3) an adult moss plant is the sexual generation (gametophyte) and the capsule with spores is asexual (sporophyte);
4) fertilization occurs in the presence of water.
8. Squirrels, as a rule, live in coniferous forests and feed mainly on spruce seeds. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in the squirrel population?
9. It is known that the Golgi apparatus is especially well developed in the glandular cells of the pancreas. Explain why.
Answer:
1) pancreatic cells synthesize enzymes that accumulate in the cavities of the Golgi apparatus;
2) in the Golgi apparatus, enzymes are packaged in the form of vesicles;
3) from the Golgi apparatus, enzymes are carried into the pancreatic duct.
10. Ribosomes from different cells, the entire set of amino acids and identical molecules of mRNA and tRNA were placed in a test tube, and all conditions were created for protein synthesis. Why will one type of protein be synthesized on different ribosomes in a test tube?
Answer:
1) the primary structure of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids;
2) the templates for protein synthesis are identical mRNA molecules, in which the same primary protein structure is encoded.
11.What structural features are characteristic of representatives of the Chordata type?
Answer:
1) internal axial skeleton;
2) the nervous system in the form of a tube on the dorsal side of the body;
3) cracks in the digestive tube.
12.Clover grows in a meadow and is pollinated by bumblebees. What biotic factors can lead to a decline in clover populations?
Answer:
1) decrease in the number of bumblebees;
2)increase in the number of herbivorous animals;
3) propagation of competitor plants (cereals, etc.).
13. The total mass of mitochondria in relation to the mass of cells of various rat organs is: in the pancreas - 7.9%, in the liver - 18.4%, in the heart - 35.8%. Why do the cells of these organs have different mitochondrial content?
Answer:
1) mitochondria are the energy stations of the cell; ATP molecules are synthesized and accumulated in them;
2) intense work of the heart muscle requires a lot of energy, therefore the content of mitochondria in its cells is the highest;
3) in the liver the number of mitochondria is higher compared to the pancreas, since it has a more intense metabolism.
14.Explain why beef that has not passed sanitary control is dangerous to eat undercooked or lightly cooked.
Answer:
1) beef meat may contain bovine tapeworms;
2) an adult worm develops from the finna in the digestive canal, and the person becomes the final host.
15.Name the plant cell organelle shown in the figure, its structures indicated by numbers 1-3, and their functions.
Answer:
1) the organelle depicted is a chloroplast;
2)1 – granal thylakoids, involved in photosynthesis;
3) 2 – DNA, 3 – ribosomes, participate in the synthesis of the chloroplast’s own proteins.
16.Why can’t bacteria be classified as eukaryotes?
Answer:
1) in their cells, the nuclear substance is represented by one circular DNA molecule and is not separated from the cytoplasm;
2) do not have mitochondria, the Golgi complex, or the ER;
3) do not have specialized germ cells, there is no meiosis and fertilization.
17.What changes in biotic factors can lead to an increase in the population of naked slugs that live in the forest and feed mainly on plants?
18.The process of photosynthesis occurs intensively in the leaves of plants. Does it occur in ripe and unripe fruits? Explain your answer.
Answer:
1) photosynthesis occurs in unripe fruits (while they are green), since they contain chloroplasts;
2) as they mature, chloroplasts turn into chromoplasts, in which photosynthesis does not occur.
19.What stages of gametogenesis are indicated in the figure by the letters A, B and C? What set of chromosomes do cells have at each of these stages? What specialized cells does this process lead to the development of?
Answer:
1)A – stage (zone) of reproduction (division), diploid cells;
2)B – stage (zone) of growth, diploid cell;
3) B - stage (zone) of maturation, the cells are haploid, sperm develop.
20. How do bacterial cells differ in structure from the cells of organisms in other kingdoms of living nature? List at least three differences.
Answer:
1) there is no formed nucleus, nuclear envelope;
2) a number of organelles are missing: mitochondria, EPS, Golgi complex, etc.;
3) have one ring chromosome.
21.Why are plants (producers) considered the initial link in the cycle of substances and energy conversion in the ecosystem?
Answer:
1) create organic substances from inorganic ones;
2) accumulate solar energy;
3) provide organic substances and energy to organisms in other parts of the ecosystem.
22.What processes ensure the movement of water and minerals throughout the plant?
Answer:
1) from the root to the leaves, water and minerals move through the vessels due to transpiration, as a result of which suction force arises;
2) the upward flow in the plant is facilitated by root pressure, which arises as a result of the constant flow of water into the root due to the difference in the concentration of substances in the cells and the environment.
23.Look at the cells shown in the figure. Determine which letters represent prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Provide evidence for your point of view.
Answer:
1) A – prokaryotic cell, B – eukaryotic cell;
2) the cell in Figure A does not have a formed nucleus, its hereditary material is represented by a ring chromosome;
3) the cell in Figure B has a formed nucleus and organelles.
24.What is the complexity of the circulatory system of amphibians compared to fish?
Answer:
1) the heart becomes three-chambered;
2) a second circle of blood circulation appears;
3) the heart contains venous and mixed blood.
25. Why is a mixed forest ecosystem considered more stable than a spruce forest ecosystem?
Answer:
1) there are more species in the mixed forest than in the spruce forest;
2) in a mixed forest the food chains are longer and more branched than in a spruce forest;
3) there are more tiers in a mixed forest than in a spruce forest.
26. A section of a DNA molecule has the following composition: GATGAATAGTGCTTC. List at least three consequences that can result from an accidental replacement of the seventh nucleotide of thymine with cytosine (C).
Answer:
1) a gene mutation will occur - the codon of the third amino acid will change;
2) in a protein, one amino acid may be replaced by another, as a result of which the primary structure of the protein will change;
3) all other protein structures may change, which will lead to the appearance of a new trait in the body.
27.Red algae (purple algae) live at great depths. Despite this, photosynthesis occurs in their cells. Explain why photosynthesis occurs if the water column absorbs rays from the red-orange part of the spectrum.
Answer:
1) photosynthesis requires rays not only from the red, but also from the blue part of the spectrum;
2) the cells of scarlet mushrooms contain a red pigment that absorbs rays from the blue part of the spectrum, their energy is used in the process of photosynthesis.
28.Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them.
1. Coelenterates are three-layer multicellular animals. 2.They have a gastric or intestinal cavity. 3. The intestinal cavity includes stinging cells. 4. Coelenterates have a reticular (diffuse) nervous system. 5. All coelenterates are free-swimming organisms.
1)1 – coelenterates – two-layered animals;
2)3 – stinging cells are contained in the ectoderm, and not in the intestinal cavity;
3)5 – among the coelenterates there are attached forms.
29. How does gas exchange occur in the lungs and tissues of mammals? What causes this process?
Answer:
1) gas exchange is based on diffusion, which is caused by the difference in gas concentration (partial pressure) in the air of the alveoli and in the blood;
2) oxygen from the area of high pressure in the alveolar air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide from the area of high pressure in the blood enters the alveoli;
3) in tissues, oxygen from the area of high pressure in the capillaries enters the intercellular substance and then into the cells of the organs. Carbon dioxide from the high pressure area in the intercellular substance enters the blood.
30.What is the participation of functional groups of organisms in the cycle of substances in the biosphere? Consider the role of each of them in the cycle of substances in the biosphere.
Answer:
1) producers synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances (carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals), release oxygen (except for chemotrophs);
2) consumers (and other functional groups) of organisms use and transform organic substances, oxidize them during respiration, absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and water;
3) decomposers decompose organic substances into inorganic compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., returning them to the environment.
31. The section of the DNA molecule encoding the sequence of amino acids in a protein has the following composition: G-A-T-G-A-A-T-A-G-TT-C-T-T-C. Explain the consequences of accidentally adding a guanine nucleotide (G) between the seventh and eighth nucleotides.
Answer:
1) a gene mutation will occur - the codes of the third and subsequent amino acids may change;
2) the primary structure of the protein may change;
3) a mutation can lead to the appearance of a new trait in an organism.
32.What plant organs are damaged by cockchafers at different stages of individual development?
Answer:
1) plant roots are damaged by larvae;
2) tree leaves are damaged by adult beetles.
33. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them.
1. Flatworms are three-layered animals. 2. The phylum Flatworms include white planaria, human roundworm and liver fluke. 3. Flatworms have an elongated, flattened body. 4. They have a well-developed nervous system. 5. Flatworms are dioecious animals that lay eggs.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)2 - the human roundworm is not classified as a Flatworm; it is a Roundworm;
2)4 - in flatworms the nervous system is poorly developed;
3)5 - Flatworms are hermaphrodites.
34.What is a fruit? What is its significance in the life of plants and animals?
Answer:
1) fruit - the generative organ of angiosperms;
2) contains seeds with the help of which plants reproduce and disperse;
3) plant fruits are food for animals.
35. Most bird species fly away from the northern regions for the winter, despite their warm-blooded nature. Indicate at least three factors that cause these animals to fly.
Answer:
1) food items of insectivorous birds become unavailable for obtaining;
2) ice cover on reservoirs and snow cover on the ground deprive herbivorous birds of food;
3) change in daylight hours.
36.Which milk, sterilized or freshly milked, will sour faster under the same conditions? Explain your answer.
Answer:
1) freshly milked milk will sour faster, since it contains bacteria that cause fermentation of the product;
2) when milk is sterilized, the cells and spores of lactic acid bacteria die, and the milk lasts longer.
37. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made and explain them.
1. The main classes of the phylum of arthropods are Crustaceans, Arachnids and Insects. 2. The body of crustaceans and arachnids is divided into the head, thorax and abdomen. 3. The body of insects consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen. 4. Arachnids do not have antennae. 5. Insects have two pairs of antennae, and crustaceans have one pair.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)2 – the body of crustaceans and arachnids consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen;
2)3 – the body of insects consists of a head, chest and abdomen;
3)5 – insects have one pair of antennae, and crustaceans have two pairs.
38.Prove that the rhizome of the plant is a modified shoot.
Answer:
1) the rhizome has nodes in which rudimentary leaves and buds are located;
2) at the top of the rhizome there is an apical bud that determines the growth of the shoot;
3) adventitious roots extend from the rhizome;
4) the internal anatomical structure of the rhizome is similar to the stem.
39. To combat insect pests, people use chemicals. Indicate at least three changes in the life of the oak forest if all herbivorous insects are destroyed by chemical means. Explain why they will happen.
Answer:
1) the number of insect-pollinated plants will sharply decrease, since herbivorous insects are plant pollinators;
2) the number of insectivorous organisms (consumers of the 2nd order) will sharply decrease or they will disappear due to disruption of food chains;
3) some of the chemicals used to kill insects will get into the soil, which will lead to disruption of plant life, death of soil flora and fauna, all violations can lead to the death of the oak forest.
40.Why can treatment with antibiotics lead to intestinal dysfunction? Give at least two reasons.
Answer:
1) antibiotics kill beneficial bacteria living in the human intestines;
2) the breakdown of fiber, water absorption and other processes are disrupted.
41.Which part of the sheet is indicated in the figure by the letter A and what structures does it consist of? What functions do these structures perform?
1) the letter A denotes a vascular-fibrous bundle (vein), the bundle includes vessels, sieve tubes, and mechanical tissue;
2) vessels provide transport of water to the leaves;
3) sieve tubes provide transport of organic substances from leaves to other organs;
4) mechanical tissue cells provide strength and serve as the framework of the leaf.
42.What are the characteristic features of the fungal kingdom?
Answer:
1) the body of fungi consists of threads - hyphae, forming a mycelium;
2) reproduce sexually and asexually (spores, mycelium, budding);
3) grow throughout life;
4) in the cell: the membrane contains a chitin-like substance, a reserve nutrient - glycogen.
43. In a small reservoir formed after a river flood, the following organisms were found: slipper ciliates, daphnia, white planaria, large pond snail, cyclops, hydra. Explain whether this body of water can be considered an ecosystem. Provide at least three pieces of evidence.
Answer:
The named temporary reservoir cannot be called an ecosystem, since it contains:
1) there are no producers;
2) there are no decomposers;
3) there is no closed circulation of substances and food chains are disrupted.
44.Why is a note placed under a tourniquet, which is applied to stop bleeding from large blood vessels, indicating the time it was applied?
Answer:
1) after reading the note, you can determine how much time has passed since the tourniquet was applied;
2) if after 1-2 hours it was not possible to deliver the patient to the doctor, then the tourniquet should be loosened for a while. This will prevent tissue death.
45.Name the structures of the spinal cord, indicated in the figure by numbers 1 and 2, and describe the features of their structure and functions.
Answer:
1)1 – gray matter, formed by the bodies of neurons;
2) 2 – white matter, formed by long processes of neurons;
3) gray matter carries out a reflex function, white matter – a conductive function.
46.What role do the salivary glands play in digestion in mammals? List at least three functions.
Answer:
1) the secretion of the salivary glands moistens and disinfects food;
2) saliva participates in the formation of the food bolus;
3) salivary enzymes promote the breakdown of starch.
47.As a result of volcanic activity, an island was formed in the ocean. Describe the sequence of formation of an ecosystem on a newly formed landmass. Please provide at least three items.
Answer:
1) the first to settle are microorganisms and lichens, which ensure the formation of soil;
2) plants settle on the soil, the spores or seeds of which are carried by wind or water;
3) as vegetation develops, animals appear in the ecosystem, primarily arthropods and birds.
48. Experienced gardeners apply fertilizers into the grooves located along the edges of the trunk circles of fruit trees, rather than distributing them evenly. Explain why.
Answer:
1) the root system grows, the suction zone moves behind the root apex;
2) roots with a developed absorption zone - root hairs - are located at the edges of the trunk circles.
49.What modified shoot is shown in the figure? Name the structural elements indicated in the figure by numbers 1, 2, 3, and the functions that they perform.
Answer:
1) onion;
2)1 – a succulent scale-like leaf in which nutrients and water are stored;
3)2 – adventitious roots, ensuring the absorption of water and minerals;
4)3 – bud, ensures shoot growth.
50.What are the structural features and vital functions of mosses? Please provide at least three items.
Answer:
1) most mosses are leafy plants, some of them have rhizoids;
2) mosses have a poorly developed conducting system;
3) mosses reproduce both sexually and asexually, with alternating generations: sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte); An adult moss plant is the sexual generation, and the spore capsule is asexual.
51.As a result of a forest fire, part of the spruce forest burned out. Explain how its self-healing will occur. List at least three steps.
Answer:
1) herbaceous, light-loving plants develop first;
2) then birch, aspen, and pine shoots appear, the seeds of which fell with the help of the wind, and a small-leaved or pine forest is formed.
3) under the canopy of light-loving species, shade-tolerant spruce trees develop, which subsequently completely displace other trees.
52. To establish the cause of a hereditary disease, the patient’s cells were examined and a change in the length of one of the chromosomes was discovered. What research method allowed us to establish the cause of this disease? What type of mutation is it associated with?
Answer:
1) the cause of the disease was established using the cytogenetic method;
2) the disease is caused by a chromosomal mutation - the loss or addition of a chromosome fragment.
53.Which letter in the figure indicates the blastula in the development cycle of the lancelet. What are the features of blastula formation?
Answer:
1) the blastula is designated by the letter G;
2) the blastula is formed during the fragmentation of the zygote;
3) the size of the blastula does not exceed the size of the zygote.
54. Why are mushrooms classified as a special kingdom of the organic world?
Answer:
1) the body of mushrooms consists of thin branching threads - hyphae, forming mycelium, or mycelium;
2) mycelial cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen;
3) mushrooms cannot be classified as plants, since their cells do not have chlorophyll and chloroplasts; the wall contains chitin;
4) mushrooms cannot be classified as animals, since they absorb nutrients over the entire surface of the body, and do not swallow them in the form of food lumps.
55. In some forest biocenoses, to protect chicken birds, mass shooting of daytime birds of prey was carried out. Explain how this event affected the number of chickens.
Answer:
1) at first, the number of chickens increased, as their enemies were destroyed (naturally regulating the number);
2) then the number of chickens decreased due to lack of food;
3) the number of sick and weakened individuals increased due to the spread of diseases and the lack of predators, which also affected the decrease in the number of chickens.
56.The color of the white hare’s fur changes throughout the year: in winter the hare is white, and in summer it is gray. Explain what type of variability is observed in the animal and what determines the manifestation of this trait.
Answer:
1) the hare exhibits modification (phenotypic, non-hereditary) variability;
2) the manifestation of this trait is determined by changes in environmental conditions (temperature, day length).
57.Name the stages of embryonic development of the lancelet, indicated in the figure by letters A and B. Reveal the features of the formation of each of these stages.
A B
Answer:
1) A - gastrula - stage of a two-layer embryo;
2) B - neurula, has the rudiments of a future larva or adult organism;
3) the gastrula is formed by invagination of the wall of the blastula, and in the neurula the neural plate is first formed, which serves as a regulator for the formation of other organ systems.
58. Name the main features of the structure and activity of bacteria. List at least four features.
Answer:
1) bacteria are prenuclear organisms that do not have a formed nucleus and many organelles;
2) according to the method of nutrition, bacteria are heterotrophs and autotrophs;
3) high rate of reproduction by division;
4) anaerobes and aerobes;
5) unfavorable conditions are experienced in a state of dispute.
59. How does the land-air environment differ from the water environment?
Answer:
1) oxygen content;
2) differences in temperature fluctuations (wide amplitude of fluctuations in the ground-air environment);
3) degree of illumination;
4) density.
Answer:
1) seaweed has the property of accumulating the chemical element iodine;
2) iodine is necessary for normal thyroid function.
61.Why is a ciliate slipper cell considered an integral organism? What organelles of the ciliate slipper are indicated in the figure by numbers 1 and 2 and what functions do they perform?
Answer:
1) the ciliate cell performs all the functions of an independent organism: metabolism, reproduction, irritability, adaptation;
2) 1 - small nucleus, participates in the sexual process;
3) 2 - large nucleus, regulates vital processes.
61.What are the structural features and vital functions of mushrooms? Please indicate at least three characteristics.
62.Explain how acid rain harms plants. Give at least three reasons.
Answer:
1) directly damage plant organs and tissues;
2) pollute the soil, reduce fertility;
3)reduce plant productivity.
63.Why are passengers recommended to suck lollipops when taking off or landing an airplane?
Answer:
1) rapid changes in pressure during takeoff or landing of an airplane cause discomfort in the middle ear, where the initial pressure on the eardrum persists longer;
2) swallowing movements improve air access to the auditory (Eustachian) tube, through which the pressure in the middle ear cavity is equalized with the pressure in the environment.
64. How does the circulatory system of arthropods differ from the circulatory system of annelids? Indicate at least three signs that prove these differences.
Answer:
1) arthropods have an open circulatory system, while annelids have a closed circulatory system;
2) arthropods have a heart on the dorsal side;
3) annelids do not have a heart; its function is performed by a ring vessel.
65.What type of animal is the one shown in the picture? What is indicated by numbers 1 and 2? Name other representatives of this type.
Answer:
1) to the type Coelenterates;
2)1 – ectoderm, 2 – intestinal cavity;
3) coral polyps, jellyfish.
66. How are morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations to environmental temperature manifested in warm-blooded animals?
Answer:
1) morphological: heat-insulating covers, subcutaneous layer of fat, changes in the surface of the body;
2) physiological: increased intensity of evaporation of sweat and moisture during breathing; narrowing or dilation of blood vessels, changes in metabolic levels;
3) behavioral: construction of nests, burrows, changes in daily and seasonal activity depending on environmental temperature.
67. How is genetic information transferred from the nucleus to the ribosome?
Answer:
1) mRNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus in accordance with the principle of complementarity;
2) mRNA - a copy of a DNA section containing information about the primary structure of the protein, moves from the nucleus to the ribosome.
68. How is the complexity of ferns compared to mosses? Give at least three signs.
Answer:
1) the ferns have roots;
2) ferns, unlike mosses, have developed developed conductive tissue;
3) in the development cycle of ferns, the asexual generation (sporophyte) predominates over the sexual generation (gametophyte), which is represented by the prothallus.
69.Name the germ layer of a vertebrate animal, indicated in the figure by number 3. What type of tissue and what organs are formed from it.
Answer:
1) germ layer - endoderm;
2 epithelial tissue (epithelium of the intestines and respiratory organs);
3) organs: intestines, digestive glands, respiratory organs, some endocrine glands.
70.What role do birds play in the forest biocenosis? Give at least three examples.
Answer:
1) regulate the number of plants (distribute fruits and seeds);
2) regulate the number of insects and small rodents;
3) serve as food for predators;
4) fertilize the soil.
71.What is the protective role of leukocytes in the human body?
Answer:
1) leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis - devouring and digesting proteins, microorganisms, dead cells;
2) leukocytes take part in the production of antibodies that neutralize certain antigens.
72. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, correct them.
According to the chromosomal theory of heredity:
1. Genes are located on chromosomes in linear order. 2. Everyone occupies a specific place - an allele. 3. Genes on one chromosome form a linkage group. 4. The number of linkage groups is determined by the diploid number of chromosomes. 5. Disruption of gene cohesion occurs during the process of chromosome conjugation in the prophase of meiosis.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)2 - location of the gene - locus;
2)4 - the number of linkage groups is equal to the haploid set of chromosomes;
3)5 - disruption of gene linkage occurs during crossing over.
73. Why do some scientists classify green euglena as a plant, and others as an animal? Provide at least three reasons.
Answer:
1) capable of heterotrophic nutrition, like all animals;
2) capable of active movement in search of food, like all animals;
3) contains chlorophyll in the cell and is capable of autotrophic nutrition, like plants.
74.What processes occur at the stages of energy metabolism?
Answer:
1)on preparatory stage complex organic substances are broken down into less complex ones (biopolymers - into monomers), energy is dissipated in the form of heat;
2) in the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (or lactic acid, or alcohol) and 2 ATP molecules are synthesized;
3) at the oxygen stage, pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water and 36 ATP molecules are synthesized.
75. In a wound formed on the human body, bleeding stops over time, but suppuration may occur. Explain what properties of blood this is due to.
Answer:
1) bleeding stops due to blood clotting and the formation of a blood clot;
2) suppuration is caused by the accumulation of dead leukocytes that have carried out phagocytosis.
76. Find errors in the given text and correct them. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made and explain them.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)2 - monomers of proteins are amino acids;
3)6- ribosomes contain rRNA molecules, not tRNA.
77.What is myopia? In what part of the eye does the image focus in a nearsighted person? What is the difference between congenital and acquired forms of myopia?
Answer:
1) myopia is a disease of the organs of vision in which a person has difficulty distinguishing distant objects;
2) in a myopic person, the image of objects appears in front of the retina;
3) with congenital myopia, the shape of the eyeball changes (lengthens);
4) acquired myopia is associated with a change (increase) in the curvature of the lens.
78. How does the skeleton of the human head differ from the skeleton of the head of great apes? List at least four differences.
Answer:
1) predominance of the cerebral part of the skull over the facial part;
2) reduction of the jaw apparatus;
3) the presence of a chin protuberance on the lower jaw;
4)reduction of brow ridges.
79. Why is the volume of urine excreted by the human body per day not equal to the volume of liquid drunk during the same time?
Answer:
1) part of the water is used by the body or formed in metabolic processes;
2) part of the water evaporates through the respiratory organs and sweat glands.
80. Find errors in the given text, correct them, indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, write down these sentences without errors.
1. Animals are heterotrophic organisms; they feed on ready-made organic substances. 2. There are unicellular and multicellular animals. 3. All multicellular animals have bilateral body symmetry. 4. Most of them have developed various organs of movement. 5. Only arthropods and chordates have a circulatory system. 6. Postembryonic development in all multicellular animals is direct.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1) 3 - not all multicellular animals have bilateral body symmetry; for example, in coelenterates it is radial (radial);
2) 5 - the circulatory system is also present in annelids and mollusks;
3) 6 - direct postembryonic development is not inherent in all multicellular animals.
81.What is the importance of blood in human life?
Answer:
1) performs a transport function: delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and cells, removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic products;
2) performs a protective function due to the activity of leukocytes and antibodies;
3) participates in the humoral regulation of the body’s vital functions.
82.Use information about the early stages of embryogenesis (zygote, blastula, gastrula) to confirm the sequence of development of the animal world.
Answer:
1) the zygote stage corresponds to a unicellular organism;
2) the blastula stage, where the cells are not differentiated, is similar to colonial forms;
3) the embryo at the gastrula stage corresponds to the structure of the coelenterate (hydra).
83.Injection of large doses into a vein medicines accompanied by their dilution with physiological solution (0.9% NaCl solution). Explain why.
Answer:
1) administration of large doses of drugs without dilution can cause sudden change blood composition and irreversible phenomena;
2) the concentration of saline solution (0.9% NaCl solution) corresponds to the concentration of salts in the blood plasma and does not cause the death of blood cells.
84. Find errors in the given text, correct them, indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, write down these sentences without errors.
1. Animals of the arthropod type have an external chitinous cover and jointed limbs. 2. The body of most of them consists of three sections: head, chest and abdomen. 3. All arthropods have one pair of antennae. 4. Their eyes are complex (faceted). 5. The circulatory system of insects is closed.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)3 - not all arthropods have one pair of antennae (arachnids do not have them, and crustaceans have two pairs);
2)4 - not all arthropods have complex (compounded) eyes: in arachnids they are simple or absent, in insects they can have simple eyes along with complex eyes;
3)5 - the circulatory system of arthropods is not closed.
85.What are the functions of the human digestive system?
Answer:
1)mechanical processing of food;
2) chemical processing of food;
3) movement of food and removal of undigested residues;
4)absorption of nutrients, mineral salts and water into the blood and lymph.
86. How is biological progress characterized in flowering plants? Specify at least three signs.
Answer:
1) a wide variety of populations and species;
2) wide distribution on the globe;
3) adaptability to life in different environmental conditions.
87.Why should food be chewed thoroughly?
Answer:
1) well-chewed food is quickly saturated with saliva in the oral cavity and begins to be digested;
2) well-chewed food is quickly saturated with digestive juices in the stomach and intestines and is therefore easier to digest.
88. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, correct them.
1. A population is a collection of freely interbreeding individuals of the same species that inhabit a common territory for a long time. 2. Different populations of the same species are relatively isolated from each other, and their individuals do not interbreed. 3. The gene pool of all populations of one species is the same. 4. The population is the elementary unit of evolution. 5. A group of frogs of the same species living in a deep pool for one summer constitutes a population.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)2 - populations of one species are partially isolated, but individuals from different populations can interbreed;
2)3 - the gene pools of different populations of the same species are different;
3)5 - a group of frogs is not a population, since a group of individuals of the same species is considered a population if it occupies the same space for a large number of generations.
Answer:
1) in summer a person sweats more;
2) mineral salts are removed from the body through sweat;
3) salted water restores the normal water-salt balance between tissues and the internal environment of the body.
90. How is it proven that a person belongs to the class of mammals?
Answer:
1) similarity in the structure of organ systems;
2) the presence of hair;
3) development of the embryo in the uterus;
4) feeding the offspring with milk, caring for the offspring.
91.What processes maintain the constancy of the chemical composition of human blood plasma?
Answer:
1) processes in buffer systems maintain the reaction of the medium (pH) at a constant level;
2) neurohumoral regulation of the chemical composition of plasma is carried out.
92. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made and explain them.
1. A population is a collection of freely interbreeding individuals of different species that inhabit a common territory for a long time. 2. The main group characteristics of a population are size, density, age, sex and spatial structure. 3. The totality of all genes in a population is called the gene pool. 4. A population is a structural unit of living nature. 5. Population numbers are always stable.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)1 - a population is a collection of freely interbreeding individuals of the same species that inhabit the general territory of the population for a long time;
2)4 - the population is a structural unit of the species;
3)5 - population numbers can change in different seasons and years.
93.What structures of the body cover protect the human body from the effects of environmental temperature factors? Explain their role.
Answer:
1) subcutaneous fatty tissue protects the body from cooling;
2) sweat glands produce sweat, which, when evaporated, protects against overheating;
3) hair on the head protects the body from cooling and overheating;
4) changes in the lumen of skin capillaries regulate heat transfer.
94. Give at least three progressive biological characteristics of a person that he acquired in the process of long evolution.
Answer:
1) enlargement of the brain and cerebral part of the skull;
2) upright posture and corresponding changes in the skeleton;
3) liberation and development of the hand, opposition of the thumb.
95.Which division of meiosis is similar to mitosis? Explain how it is expressed and what set of chromosomes in the cell it leads to.
Answer:
1) similarities with mitosis are observed in the second division of meiosis;
2) all phases are similar, sister chromosomes (chromatids) diverge to the poles of the cell;
3) the resulting cells have a haploid set of chromosomes.
96.What is the difference between arterial bleeding and venous bleeding?
Answer:
1) with arterial bleeding, the blood is scarlet;
2) it shoots out from the wound with a strong stream, a fountain.
97.What process occurring in the human body is shown in the figure? What underlies this process and how does the composition of the blood change as a result? Explain your answer.
capillary
Answer:
1) the figure shows a diagram of gas exchange in the lungs (between the pulmonary vesicle and the blood capillary);
2) gas exchange is based on diffusion - the penetration of gases from a place with high pressure to a place with lower pressure;
3) as a result of gas exchange, the blood is saturated with oxygen and turns from venous (A) to arterial (B).
98.What effect does physical inactivity (low physical activity) have on the human body?
Answer:
physical inactivity leads to:
1) to a decrease in the level of metabolism, an increase in adipose tissue, excess body weight;
2) weakening of skeletal and cardiac muscles, increased load on the heart and decreased endurance of the body;
3) stagnation of venous blood in the lower extremities, vasodilation, circulatory disorders.
(Other wording of the answer is allowed without distorting its meaning.)
99.What characteristics do plants living in arid conditions have?
Answer:
1) the root system of plants penetrates deeply into the soil, reaches groundwater or is located in the surface layer of soil;
2) in some plants, water is stored in leaves, stems and other organs during drought;
3) the leaves are covered with a waxy coating, pubescent or modified into spines or needles.
100.What is the reason for the need for iron ions to enter the human blood? Explain your answer.
Answer:
2) red blood cells provide transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
101. Through what vessels and what kind of blood does the chambers of the heart, indicated in the figure by numbers 3 and 5? Which circulatory system is each of these heart structures connected to?
Answer:
1) the chamber marked with number 3 receives venous blood from the superior and inferior vena cava;
2) the chamber indicated by the number 5 receives arterial blood from the pulmonary veins;
3) the heart chamber, indicated by the number 3, is connected to the systemic circulation;
4) the heart chamber, indicated by the number 5, is connected to the pulmonary circulation.
102.What are vitamins, what is their role in the life of the human body?
Answer:
1) vitamins - biologically active organic substances needed in small quantities;
2) they are part of enzymes, participating in metabolism;
3) increase the body’s resistance to adverse environmental influences, stimulate growth, development of the body, restoration of tissues and cells.
103.The body shape of the Kalima butterfly resembles a leaf. How did the butterfly develop such a body shape?
Answer:
1) the appearance of various hereditary changes in individuals;
2) preservation by natural selection of individuals with a changed body shape;
3) reproduction and distribution of individuals with a body shape resembling a leaf.
104.What is the nature of most enzymes and why do they lose their activity when the level of radiation increases?
Answer:
1) most enzymes are proteins;
2) under the influence of radiation, denaturation occurs, the structure of the protein-enzyme changes.
105. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they were made, correct them.
1. Plants, like all living organisms, eat, breathe, grow, and reproduce. 2. According to the method of nutrition, plants are classified as autotrophic organisms. 3. When plants respire, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. 4. All plants reproduce by seeds. 5. Plants, like animals, grow only in the first years of life.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)3 - when plants breathe, they absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide;
2)4 - only flowering and gymnosperms reproduce by seeds, and algae, mosses, and ferns reproduce by spores;
3)5 - plants grow throughout their lives, have unlimited growth.
106.What is the reason for the need for iron ions to enter the human blood? Explain your answer.
Answer:
1) iron ions are part of the hemoglobin of erythrocytes;
2) hemoglobin of erythrocytes ensures the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as it is able to bind with these gases;
3) the supply of oxygen is necessary for the energy metabolism of the cell, and carbon dioxide is its final product that must be removed.
107.Explain why people of different races are classified as the same species. Provide at least three pieces of evidence.
Answer:
1) similarity in structure, life processes, behavior;
2) genetic unity - the same set of chromosomes, their structure;
3) interracial marriages produce offspring capable of reproduction.
108. In ancient India, a person suspected of a crime was offered to swallow a handful of dry rice. If he failed, guilt was considered proven. Give a physiological basis for this process.
Answer:
1) swallowing is a complex reflex act, which is accompanied by salivation and irritation of the root of the tongue;
2) when strong excitement Salivation is sharply inhibited, the mouth becomes dry, and the swallowing reflex does not occur.
109. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made and explain them.
1. The food chain of biogeocenosis includes producers, consumers and decomposers. 2. The first link in the food chain is consumers. 3. Consumers in the light accumulate energy absorbed in the process of photosynthesis. 4. In the dark phase of photosynthesis, oxygen is released. 5. Decomposers contribute to the release of energy accumulated by consumers and producers.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)2 - the first link is the producers;
2)3 - consumers are not capable of photosynthesis;
3)4 - oxygen is released in the light phase of photosynthesis.
110.What are the causes of anemia in humans? List at least three possible reasons.
Answer:
1) large blood loss;
2) malnutrition (lack of iron and vitamins, etc.);
3) disruption of the formation of red blood cells in the hematopoietic organs.
111. The wasp fly is similar in color and body shape to the wasp. Name the type of its protective device, explain its significance and the relative nature of the adaptation.
Answer:
1) type of adaptation - mimicry, imitation of the color and body shape of an unprotected animal to a protected one;
2) the resemblance to a wasp warns a possible predator of the danger of being stung;
3) the fly becomes prey for young birds that have not yet developed a reflex to the wasp.
112.Make a food chain using all the objects named below: humus, cross spider, hawk, great tit, housefly. Identify third-order consumers in the constructed chain.
Answer:
1) humus -> housefly -> cross spider -> great tit -> hawk;
2) consumer of the third order - the great tit.
113. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, correct them.
1. Annelids are the most highly organized animal cut of other types of worms. 2. Annelids have an open circulatory system. 3. The body of an annelid worm consists of identical segments. 4. Annelids have no body cavity. 5. Nervous system annelids are represented by the peripharyngeal ring and the dorsal nerve cord.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)2 - Annelids have a closed circulatory system;
2)4 - Annelids have a body cavity;
3)5 - the nerve chain is located on the ventral side of the body.
114.Name at least three aromorphoses in terrestrial plants that allowed them to be the first to develop land. Justify your answer.
Answer:
1) the appearance of integumentary tissue - the epidermis with stomata - facilitating protection from evaporation;
2) the emergence of a conducting system that ensures the transport of substances;
3) development of mechanical tissue that performs a supporting function.
115.Explain why there is a wide variety of marsupial mammals in Australia and their absence on other continents.
Answer:
1) Australia separated from other continents during the heyday of marsupials before the appearance of placental animals (geographical isolation);
2) the natural conditions of Australia contributed to the divergence of marsupial characters and active speciation;
3) on other continents, marsupials were replaced by placental mammals.
116. In what cases does a change in the sequence of DNA nucleotides not affect the structure and functions of the corresponding protein?
Answer:
1) if, as a result of a nucleotide replacement, another codon appears, encoding the same amino acid;
2) if the codon formed as a result of a nucleotide replacement encodes a different amino acid, but with similar chemical properties, which does not change the structure of the protein;
3) if nucleotide changes occur in intergenic or non-functioning DNA regions.
117.Why is the relationship between pike and perch in the river ecosystem considered competitive?
Answer:
1) are predators, feed on similar food;
2) live in the same body of water, need similar living conditions, mutually oppress each other.
118. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, correct them.
1. The main classes of the phylum of arthropods are Crustaceans, Arachnids and Insects. 2. Insects have four pairs of legs, and arachnids have three pairs. 3. Crayfish has simple eyes, and the cross spider is complex. 4. Arachnids have arachnoid warts on their abdomen. 5. The cross spider and the cockchafer breathe using lung sacs and tracheas.
Errors were made in the sentences:
1)2 - insects have three pairs of legs, and arachnids have four pairs;
2)3 - the crayfish has compound eyes, and the cross spider has simple eyes;
3)5 - the cockchafer does not have lung sacs, but only trachea.
119.What are the structural features and vital functions of cap mushrooms? Name at least four features.
Answer:
1) have a mycelium and a fruiting body;
2) reproduce by spores and mycelium;
3) according to the method of nutrition - heterotrophs;
4) most form mycorrhizae.
120.What aromorphoses allowed ancient amphibians to develop land.
Answer:
1) the appearance of pulmonary breathing;
2) formation of dismembered limbs;
3) the appearance of a three-chambered heart and two circulation circles.
121. Why can the number of commercial herbivorous fish sharply decrease when predatory fish are destroyed in a reservoir?
Answer:
1) the destruction of predators leads to a sharp increase in the number of herbivorous fish and increased competition between them;
2) a large number of herbivorous fish contributes to a decrease in the food supply, the spread of various diseases among them, this will lead to mass death of fish.
122. Find errors in the given text and correct them. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made and explain them.
1. Proteins are of great importance in the structure and functioning of organisms. 2. These are biopolymers whose monomers are nitrogenous bases. 3. Proteins are part of the plasma membrane. 4. Many proteins perform enzymatic functions in the cell. 5. Hereditary information about the characteristics of the organism is encrypted in protein molecules. 6. Protein and tRNA molecules are part of ribosomes.
errors were made in the sentences:
1) 2 - amino acids are the monomers of proteins;
2)5 - hereditary information about the characteristics of an organism is encrypted in DNA molecules;
3)6 - ribosomes contain rRNA molecules, not tRNA.
123.In what ways does the kingdom of fungi differ from the kingdom of plants? Name at least three signs.
Answer:
1) mushrooms are heterotrophs, not capable of photosynthesis;
2) fungi differ in the structure and chemical composition of the cell: they do not have chloroplasts, the cell wall contains chitin, and the reserve nutrient is glycogen;
3) the body of fungi is formed by hyphae.
124. In industrial areas of England during the 19th-20th centuries, the number of birch moth butterflies with dark colored wings increased compared to light colored ones. Explain this phenomenon from the perspective of evolutionary theory and determine the form of selection.
Answer:
1) both light and dark forms are born in the offspring of a butterfly population;
2) in industrial areas contaminated with soot, birds eliminate light-colored individuals from darkened trunks, so after a number of generations, dark-colored butterflies have become the predominant form in populations;
3) changes in color in butterfly populations are a manifestation of the driving form of natural selection.
125.What features of chromosomes ensure the transmission of hereditary information?
Answer:
1) contain DNA in which hereditary information is encoded;
2) capable of self-duplication due to DNA replication;
3) are able to be evenly distributed in cells during division, ensuring the continuity of characteristics.
126. Why does a person breed small insects from the order Hymenoptera - ovitaers and ichneumonids - in special laboratories?
Answer:
1) these predatory insects lay their eggs in the eggs and larvae of insect pests;
2) by this they reduce the number of insects - agricultural pests.
127.Why is a person without dangerous consequences eats proteins in the form of meat, fish, eggs, and is it under no circumstances possible to inject proteins directly into the bloodstream to feed patients?
Answer:
1) proteins in the digestive tract, in the stomach, in an acidic environment are broken down into amino acids by peptidase enzymes;
2) amino acids enter the bloodstream and are carried to tissue cells;
3) the introduction of foreign proteins into the blood will cause an immune reaction, rejection, and even the death of the patient is possible.
How is the energy of sunlight converted in the light and dark phases of photosynthesis into the energy of chemical bonds of glucose? Explain your answer.
Answer
In the light phase of photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight is converted into the energy of excited electrons, and then the energy of the excited electrons is converted into the energy of ATP and NADP-H2. In the dark phase of photosynthesis, the energy of ATP and NADP-H2 is converted into the energy of chemical bonds of glucose.
What happens during the light phase of photosynthesis?
Answer
Chlorophyll electrons, excited by light energy, travel along electron transport chains, their energy is stored in ATP and NADP-H2. Photolysis of water occurs and oxygen is released.
What main processes occur during the dark phase of photosynthesis?
Answer
From carbon dioxide obtained from the atmosphere and hydrogen obtained in the light phase, due to ATP energy obtained in the light phase, glucose is formed.
What is the function of chlorophyll in a plant cell?
Answer
Chlorophyll is involved in the process of photosynthesis: in the light phase, chlorophyll absorbs light, the chlorophyll electron receives light energy, breaks off and goes along the electron transport chain.
What role do the electrons of chlorophyll molecules play in photosynthesis?
Answer
Chlorophyll electrons, excited by sunlight, pass through electron transport chains and give up their energy to the formation of ATP and NADP-H2.
At what stage of photosynthesis is free oxygen formed?
Answer
In the light phase, during photolysis of water.
During which phase of photosynthesis does ATP synthesis occur?
Answer
Pre-light phase.
What substance serves as a source of oxygen during photosynthesis?
Answer
Water (oxygen is released during photolysis of water).
The rate of photosynthesis depends on limiting factors, including light, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature. Why are these factors limiting for photosynthesis reactions?
Answer
Light is necessary to excite chlorophyll, it supplies energy for the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is necessary in the dark phase of photosynthesis; glucose is synthesized from it. Temperature changes lead to denaturation of enzymes and photosynthetic reactions slow down.
In what metabolic reactions in plants is carbon dioxide the starting material for the synthesis of carbohydrates?
Answer
In photosynthesis reactions.
The process of photosynthesis occurs intensively in the leaves of plants. Does it occur in ripe and unripe fruits? Explain your answer.
Answer
Photosynthesis occurs in the green parts of plants in the light. Thus, photosynthesis occurs in the skin of green fruits. Photosynthesis does not occur inside the fruit or in the skin of ripe (not green) fruits.
