Fathers and sons material for the exam. The problem of fathers and sons - arguments from literary works. N.V. Gogol, “Dead Souls”

Roman I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" was written in the years when the centuries-old foundations of Russia were changing. Society was split into several camps. The author in the novel contrasted in his work the people of the 40s, liberal nobles, and the sixties, common democrats. Each of the camps preached and asserted its own system of values and worldview.

We have known the name I. S. Turgenev since childhood from the story “Mumu”, from “Notes of a Hunter”. He spent his childhood years on the Oryol estate of his mother, Varvara Petrovna, in the village of Spassky. The estate was dominated by the despotic, cruel tyranny of its stern mistress, merciless with her serfs and servants. It was here, kind and gentle by nature, that Ivan Sergeevich learned to hate serfdom, and after the death of his mother, he set many of her servants free.

In his native forests and meadows, Ivan Sergeevich learned to love Russian nature. Spasskoye was a dear place for him. “I spent the best years of my life here,” said the writer.

Russia is shown simply, poetically and lovingly in “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev. The author admires the simple folk characters, fields, forests, meadows of Russia. No matter how one views the stories, this is first and foremost poetry, not politics. The shortest story in the “Biryuk” series was written with great love and observation. The depth of the content is combined with the perfection of the form, which speaks of the writer’s ability to subordinate all the components of the work, all his artistic techniques to a single creative task.

The events described in I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” take place on the eve of the peasant reform, which caused a sharp resonance in public opinion. The progressive public was divided into liberals who welcomed the reform, and revolutionary democrats who believed that a radical change would still not give the peasants the desired liberation. This division was reflected in Turgenev’s novel.

The novel "Fathers and Sons" caused heated debate and contradictory assessments.

The novel “Fathers and Sons” by I. S. Turgenev was written in a difficult era for Russia, in 1861. The period of its operation was 1855-1861 - the period when the war lost by Russia with Turkey ended, the deceased Nicholas I was replaced by Alexander II.

In the novel “Fathers and Sons” I. S. Turgenev depicts the 50s of the nineteenth century, when two camps fiercely opposed each other: the nobles and the commoners. This confrontation was reflected in the novel in the characters of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov.

I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” was written in the years when the centuries-old foundations of Russia were changing. Society was split into several camps. The author in the novel contrasted in his work the people of the 40s, liberal nobles, and the sixties, common democrats. Each of the camps preached and asserted its own system of values and worldview. The plot of the novel is based on an acute social conflict between Bazarov, the “new man,” and the world of the Kirsanovs. “I tried to imagine the conflict of two generations,” wrote I. S. Turgenev to Pauline Viardot.

The most important thing in preparing for the final essay is the formation of a personal bank of arguments that will help reveal even the most complex topic. The Literaguru team, which has been creating literary examples for several years now, will help you in this matter. To supplement our selection, write in the comments which work to add, and we will definitely write a corresponding argument especially for you.

In I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” the heroes are on opposite sides of the barricades, because they are representatives of different generations. Their conflict occurs seemingly out of the blue, but underneath it lie serious reasons that have been making themselves felt for centuries. Every time, every century, fathers and sons quarrel and do not find a common language. So it is in the book: Evgeniy and Pavel Petrovich disliked each other at first sight. The owner of the house did not even shake hands, and the guest rudely and mockingly introduced his charter into someone else's monastery. The aristocrat saw the commoner as an ill-mannered and arrogant upstart, and the scientist and physician considered the idle master a worthless and empty person. And all because times change, and fathers cannot adapt to the changes, and children do not want to learn from their experience because of self-confidence. Pavel Petrovich could teach Evgeny Vasilyevich a lot, namely tact, restraint and manners. And Bazarov could introduce the old people into a new world of transformation. But both generations cannot understand and hear each other, and the reason for this conflict is the uncompromising and categorical attitude of fathers and children.
The novel by I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” reveals some reasons that explain the reluctance of many children to adopt the experience of their elders. From Anna's personal history we learn that their father went bankrupt from senseless and excessive revelry. As a result, the man left the children to fend for themselves, because women at that time could not work, and without capital as a dowry, they could not get married. He ruined their future with his irresponsibility. Because of him, Odintsova actually sold herself, becoming the wife of an unloved man. She did this to provide for her younger sister. Of course, after this, the children’s trust in their fathers greatly weakens, and they no longer want to learn anything from them. Thus, the older generation sometimes discredits itself before its descendants, so they break the historical ties between the past and the future.

N.V. Gogol, “Dead Souls”

The poem “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol tells about the childhood of the main character. His father radically influenced his worldview. Little Pavlusha learned from him the strictest economy, and also learned from an early age the importance of money. He remembered the commandment “Take care of a penny” for the rest of his life. The man also taught his son to please his bosses, to be friends only with the rich, and to value a “penny” more than anything else in the world, because it alone will not sell or deceive. Apparently wanting to please his father, the boy began to engage in business while still in school, and there he acquired an unscrupulousness, which allowed him to later move on to serious fraud. Thus, improper upbringing led to a disastrous result: Chichikov turned into a swindler and swindler who never found truly close people.
N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” tells the tragedy of the Plyushkin family. After the death of his kind and hospitable wife, the head of the family began to go crazy. From a thrifty and hardworking owner, he began to turn into a hard-hearted miser. His suspicion and greed began to affect his children. The eldest daughter ran away from home, and her father cursed her, but then forgave her when she brought him grandchildren. At the same time, he flatly refused to help her and her children, although his pantries were bursting with supplies. The fate of his son was even more tragic. When he asked for money for a uniform, having settled in the army, the old man angrily cursed him. The young man got into gambling debts, but even then the father did not even think of helping his son out, although the young man was threatened with dishonor. The landowner's youngest daughter died while staying with him in the house. It is not surprising that Plyushkin vegetated alone, because he himself dispersed all his children, and even starved half of the servants. Thus, parents do not always lose support for their children because of the selfishness of the younger generation. Sometimes they themselves become the culprits of their own misfortune.

Ingratitude towards parents is always a tragedy, both for fathers and children; it’s just that not everyone realizes in time its detrimental impact on a person’s fate. This example was described by A. S. Pushkin in the book “The Station Warden.” Dunya lived happily with her father and ran their modest household until another guest came to them. It was Captain Minsky, who was immediately struck by the heroine’s beauty. She was a blue-eyed blonde with a flirtatious manner and a pretty face. The man suddenly fell ill and stayed with the caretaker in the house for several days, while Samson’s daughter innocently looked after him. The father did not suspect anything and sent his daughter to church, where the captain took her after her recovery. However, the girl never returned home. She went to the capital to seek a better life, becoming the mistress of an officer. Of course, Vyrin begged for leave to find the girl and take her back. However, a cold reception awaited him there. Minsky did not want to give Dunya, and she lost consciousness at the sight of her father. Samson was thrown out the door. Having lost hope, he drank himself to death and soon died of melancholy. A few years later, Mrs. Minskaya was sobbing at his grave. She realized late how unfair she was to her loving father.
A. S. Pushkin in his book “The Station Warden” described an example from which we can conclude that proper upbringing is the most important science that every parent must master. Samson Vyrin spoiled his daughter very much and always trusted her, although she was flirtatious and immodest for her young years. She freely communicated with the guests, even allowing the narrator a kiss. Therefore, the reader was not surprised by the fact that she left with the captain without warning her father. It’s all due to improper upbringing, because Vyrin did not in any way control the conversations between the guest and Dunya, did not talk to her about the dangers of men who offer chaste girls an escape from their father’s house. Naturally, the girl could not resist the eloquent promises of a luxurious life, because she was inexperienced and too young. If the father had spent more time raising her, if he had had more control over his daughter, then perhaps the tragedy would not have happened. Therefore, it is very important not only to take care of children, but also to form their sense of responsibility, conscience and integrity.

A. S. Pushkin, “Dubrovsky”

A.S. Pushkin in his book “Dubrovsky” described the conflict between fathers and sons, which ended tragically for both sides. Troekurov decided to profitably marry his daughter to the rich man Vereisky, who also lived nearby. However, he was not embarrassed by the fact that this marriage was unequal: Masha was a young girl, and her groom was an old man. Of course, the heroine threw herself at her father’s feet with a prayer to relieve her of the hated burden. She fell in love with Dubrovsky and wanted to become his wife. But Kirill Petrovich was not a sentimental father and simply locked his daughter at home awaiting the wedding. Then Masha sent a letter to Vereisky with a request to terminate the engagement, but this only accelerated preparations for the couple’s wedding. Vladimir did not know about the postponement of the date and arrived late; the heroine was already married and refused to go with him. So, the father doomed his own daughter to a life full of grief in the arms of an unloved person. It is unlikely that she will ever forgive him; family relationships are forever damaged. This is what the confrontation between generations leads to if it is not stopped in time.
A. S. Pushkin in his book “Dubrovsky” gave an example of how a father and son can understand each other well if they are both honest and noble people. Vladimir loved his parent and came to Kistenevka at his first call. Both heroes are very similar: proud, brave and principled. The elder Dubrovsky could not bear the insult and died, but with dignity he defended his independence from his rich neighbor. He was the only one who did not be polite to the almighty Troekurov, but behaved on an equal footing with him, as if there was no difference between them. Vladimir grew up the same way. He did not try to ask the enemy to retreat, did not ask or beg, although these lands were his only asset. The hero drove Troekurov away, and then burned down his home, which his neighbor had appropriated for himself. Without a doubt, his further actions would have been completely justified by his father; he would have been proud of his boy. Therefore, I do not agree that fathers and sons must necessarily be at odds or not find a common language. This is not an eternal conflict between everyone and everyone, but special cases that can be easily corrected if you want.

I. A. Goncharov, “Oblomov”

Fathers largely determine the fate of their children, because they are responsible for the upbringing that shapes the worldview of their offspring. A good example was described by I. A. Goncharov in the novel “Oblomov”. The main character became a lazy and idle person with no prospects, because his family pushed him towards this from childhood. In Oblomovka, none of the owners really did anything. In the morning everyone ate, then drank tea, then slept and ate again, and until the evening you could lie down until the food was served again. This existence lulled the initially active and inquisitive boy. He simply couldn't behave differently when he moved to the city. The habit of a well-fed and idle quagmire of days remained in Oblomov’s mind as an ideal that he looked for in everything and found in the house of Agafya Pshenitsyna. His fate was predetermined by his parents, who spoiled and spoiled the child from the very beginning.
The future of children largely depends on the past of their fathers, who invested what they wanted in their descendants. For example, I. A. Goncharov described in his novel “Oblomov” an example of the proper upbringing of the younger generation. Stolz Sr. did not spoil his son, but cared about his education. At home he received all the skills and abilities necessary for life. In his youth, Andrei set out to conquer a big city without money or his father’s protection. The old man wisely decided that the young man should make his own way. This harsh science disciplined and motivated the hero. He became a successful entrepreneur who achieved everything on his own. He developed useful qualities: the ability to save and negotiate, courtesy and prudence, efficiency and hard work. Unlike his friend Oblomov, Stolz realized his potential and moved forward. It is obvious that proper upbringing can make a child's future bright.

A. S. Griboedov, “Woe from Wit”

Unfortunately, the bad influence of fathers has a detrimental effect on children. In A. S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” Famusov himself professes false values and imposes them on his daughter. In his opinion, her fiancé may be a nonentity, but only rich and promising. It also does not bother him that his son-in-law will grovel and be a hypocrite just to get a rank. And her father is against education, so Sophia was content only with reading novels. Naturally, such a prioritization in the girl’s upbringing played an important role in the formation of her bad inclinations. She calmly deceives her father, meeting with Molchalin, shamelessly lies to the guests, accusing Chatsky of madness. The heroine does not see anything wrong with lying, because her father also does not condemn hypocrisy. He welcomes everything that leads a person to success, and his daughter has learned the lesson: you can achieve your goal by any means necessary. This is how the sins of the fathers are passed on to the children.
Of course, mature people are experienced and authoritative, but they are not always right. We can find proof in A. S. Griboedov’s play “Woe from Wit.” The generation of fathers advocates for conservatism and wins over to their side the youth, who do not argue, but adapt to the old people in order to receive a high rank. For example, Famusov does not recognize the need for education and advocates the preservation of serfdom. He approves of vices: hypocrisy, careerism, cruelty for fun. The master does not even consider his dragging around the maid shameful. He himself only worries about public opinion, so in the finale he exclaims: “Oh my God, what will Princess Marya Aleksevna say!” The scandal itself is a trifle, the main thing is what important people think about you. Such a worldview cannot in any way be called correct, because it retains all the shortcomings of the past and does not accept positive updates.

A. N. Ostrovsky, “Thunderstorm”

In A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm,” the generational conflict takes on a frightening scale. Kabanikha and Dikoy drive the youth to extremes: Katerina dies, Varya runs away from home, Tikhon accuses his mother of a crime, and Boris refuses love, fearing to be left without support. These terrible consequences of the conflict between fathers and children actually deprived the Kalinov of a bright future, because there was simply no one to do it. In the unequal struggle, what was doomed to death soon won, and there was no one else to defend the new values and guidelines. The older generation, with its despotism and conservatism, doomed the city to stagnation. Therefore, we observe in Kalinov the dominance of ignorance, social stratification and sanctimonious morals of the Middle Ages. It is obvious that the “fathers” are not always right, because over time their value system becomes outdated and needs updating, which can only be brought by a new generation.
Why don't fathers and sons find mutual understanding? The fact is that they developed in different conditions, so they are not destined to understand each other fully. For example, in A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm,” the younger generation is significantly different from the older generation. If Kabanikha and Dikoy grew up in the sanctimonious atmosphere of patriarchal merchants, then young people are growing up in a world where there is an alternative to Domostroi. In front of them, Kuligin debunks the ignorant stereotypes of wanderers, and Katerina, who received a noble upbringing, makes lofty speeches about freedom. Naturally, Varvara and Tikhon behave differently in such an environment than their ancestors. A new time is on the threshold, when a man will not trample on the rights of a woman, when people will understand that Elijah the prophet does not gallop across the heavens. But fathers are not ready to just give up power. They defend their rightness, afraid to admit they are defeated. They sacredly protect what they believe in. Therefore, conflict is inevitable. Neither side will be able to understand the other, because there is a gap of time between them.

F. M. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”

Children suffer the most from their fathers' mistakes. For example, Sonya Marmeladova in Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment is forced to sacrifice herself in order to feed her family. Her father married a widow with many children to help her provide for her children, and she started drinking and lost her job. Naturally, the Marmeladovs were terribly hungry, every penny went to the tavern. Unable to withstand the reproaches and hysterics of her stepmother, the heroine went to the panel. Only her shameful craft brought in the money she needed to live. Meanwhile, the father did not repent at all of the evil he had done. He continued to drink and felt sorry only for himself, telling people in the tavern about his unfortunate fate. Part of the money obtained at the cost of shame was spent on encouraging the alcoholism of the father of the family. Thus, it is the sins of the fathers that place a heavy burden on the fragile shoulders of the children, and it is incredibly difficult for them to begin their life journey by correcting the mistakes of others.

Not all children are like their parents, and there are exceptions to the rule. For example, Sonya Marmeladova from Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment is significantly different from her miserable father. While Marmeladov Sr. feels sorry only for himself and cares only about satisfying his destructive passion for alcoholic beverages, his daughter, at the cost of unimaginable sacrifices, saves his family from hunger, and feeds a woman who is a stranger to her and other people’s children. At the same time, she does not rant about how hard her life is in taverns and taverns. The girl, given her occupation, manages not to fall into the pool of vice. She maintained the purity of her soul, no matter what. But her father broke down under the pressure of life's difficulties. Thus, children are not always copies of their parents. The new generation can correct the mistakes of the old and become much better.

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Misunderstanding between generations arises due to differences in worldviews
Parents' advice means a lot to children
A person’s attitude towards his parents can be used to judge his moral qualities.
Not taking care of your parents means betraying them
Parents are not always good to their children.
Many are ready to sacrifice the most precious things in order for their children to be happy
Correct relationships between children and parents are built on love, care, support
Sometimes the truly close person becomes not the one who gave birth, but the one who raised

Arguments

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". In this work we see the real one. The generation of “fathers” includes Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov. The generation of “children” is Evgeny Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov. Young people share the same views: they say they are nihilists - people who reject generally accepted values. The older generation doesn't understand them. The conflict leads to fierce disputes and a duel between Evgeniy Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Gradually, Arkady Kirsanov realizes that his values do not coincide with Bazarov’s teachings, and returns to his family.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". Father not only wants to give Ostap and Andriy a decent education, but also to make them real warriors defending their Motherland. Taras Bulba cannot forgive Andria for his betrayal (he goes over to the side of the enemy because of his love for a Polish woman). Despite seemingly fatherly love, he kills his son. Taras Bulba is proud of Ostap, the eldest son, who fights the enemy selflessly, with all his might.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". The source of happiness for Famusov is money. He loves his daughter Sophia, wishes her all the best, so he teaches the girl only to think about financial well-being. Such views are alien to Sofya Famusova; she diligently hides her feelings from her father, because she knows that they will not support her. Things are completely different with Molchalin, whom his father taught to always and everywhere seek profit: he follows this principle in everything. Parents, wanting to ensure the happiness of their children, passed on their views on life to them. The only problem is that these very views are incorrect.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter". Father, sending Pyotr Grinev to serve, said a very important and correct thing: “Take care of your shirt again, and take care of your honor from a young age.” The father's words became the most important moral guideline for the young man. In the most difficult conditions, threatening death, Pyotr Grinev retained his honor. It was truly important for him not to betray his father and homeland. This example is a clear confirmation that parental instructions help a child learn the most important moral values.

A.S. Pushkin "Station Warden". Dunya committed an immoral act: she ran away from her parents’ house with Minsky, who was staying at their station. Her father, Samson Vyrin, could not live without his daughter: he decided to go on foot to St. Petersburg to find Dunya. One day he was lucky enough to see a girl, but Minsky drove the old man away. After a while, the narrator learned that the caretaker had died, and Dunya, who betrayed him, came to the grave with three barchats and lay there for a long time.

K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Katerina Petrovna loved her daughter Nastya very much, who lived a very bright, eventful life in Leningrad. Only the girl completely forgot about her old mother, she didn’t even try to find time to visit her. Even Katerina Petrova’s letter that she has become completely unwell is not taken seriously by Nastya and does not consider the possibility of immediately going to her. Only the news that her mother is dying evokes feelings in the girl: Nastya understands that no one loved her as much as Katerina Petrovna. The girl goes to her mother, but no longer finds her alive, so she feels guilty before the person most dear to her.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Rodion Raskolnikov sincerely loves his mother and sister. Speaking about the motives for the murder of the old pawnbroker, he says that he actually wanted to help his mother. The hero tried to get out of eternal poverty and troubles. As he pawns the watch, he remembers with trepidation his father, who owned the item.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". In the work we see several families whose lives are based on completely different moral principles. Prince Vasily Kuragin is an immoral man, ready to do any meanness for the sake of money. His children are guided by exactly the same principles: Helene marries Pierre Bezukhov in order to receive part of a huge inheritance, Anatole tries to run away with Natasha Rostova. A completely different atmosphere reigns among the Rostovs: they enjoy nature, hunting, and holidays. Both parents and children are kind, sympathetic people, incapable of meanness. Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky raises his children in strictness, but this severity is for their benefit. Andrei and Marya Bolkonsky are moral people, true patriots, like their father. We see that there is a close relationship between parents and children. The worldview of children depends on the worldview of parents.

A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". In Kabanikha's family, relationships are built on fear, cruelty, and hypocrisy. Her daughter Varvara has learned to lie perfectly, which she wants to teach Katerina too. Son Tikhon is forced to obey his mother unquestioningly in everything. All this leads to terrible consequences: Katerina decides to commit suicide, Varvara runs away from home, and Tikhon decides to “revolt” against Kabanikha.

A. Aleksin “Division of property.” Verochka was raised by her grandmother Anisya: she literally put the child, who had suffered a severe birth injury, back on his feet. The girl calls her grandmother her mother, which displeases her real mother. The conflict gradually escalates and ends in court, where the property is divided. What strikes Verochka most is that her parents turned out to be such callous, ungrateful people. The girl is having a hard time with the situation; she writes a note to her parents, defining herself as property that should go to her grandmother.

Sofya Famusova, who grew up in an atmosphere of lies and deception, carefully hides her feelings from her father, realizing that he will not allow the development of relations with Molchalin. He does everything in defiance of his father. Molchalin, on the contrary, is faithful to his moral (or immoral) credo, builds his life as his father bequeathed: to please all people without exception. Griboyedov gives the reader the opportunity to reflect on the future of both heroes.

2. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

The upbringing of Petrusha Grinev remains beyond the pages of the text, but the main thing that the young nobleman learned from communication with his father (a strict and demanding man) is the need to be true to his word, take care of honor, and observe the laws of morality. He does this in all life situations. Even when his father forbids him to marry his beloved Masha Mironova, he accepts his will as a mandatory requirement.

3. N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

From Chichikov’s childhood memories, the image of a gloomy, unkind, cruel father and his instructions about the need to take care and save a penny, the only idol in Pavel Ivanovich’s life, emerges. Chichikov builds his life according to his father’s behests and succeeds in many ways.

4. A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

The relationship between mother and children in the Kabanov family is based on fear and hypocrisy. Varvara is accustomed to lying and is trying to teach Katerina this. But the brother’s wife had different relationships in the family; she does not accept her mother-in-law’s hypocrisy and fights her with her own means. The ending of such an upbringing is predictable: Varvara runs away from home, Katerina dies voluntarily, Tikhon rebels against his mother.

5. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

The “children” in the novel - Bazarov and Arkady Kirsanov - at the beginning of the story act as a united front against the “fathers” in the person of Uncle Arkady - Pavel Petrovich. Nikolai Petrovich does not resist the bold and daring statements of his son and his friend. And he acts wisely and far-sightedly. Gradually, many discrepancies in his friend’s behavior are revealed to Arkady, and he returns to the bosom of the family. And Bazarov, who so easily criticizes the “romanticism” of the Kirsanovs, is absolutely sensitive to such behavior of his father, because he loves his parents and takes care of them.

6. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

The novel presents several families, in each of which relationships are built on certain principles. In the Kuragin family, this is the principle of profit and gain. Both the father and his children agree to any relationship, as long as it is profitable, that’s how marriages are made. The Drubetsky family is guided by the same principle: humiliation and servility are their tools in achieving their goals. The Rostovs live as they breathe: they enjoy friends, holidays, hunting - everything that decorates our lives. Father and mother try to be honest in everything with their children and each other. Benefits are not important to them. Practically ruining her family and herself, Natasha demands that carts be given to the wounded; this is the only thing a true patriot and merciful person can do. And the mother agrees with her daughter. The relationship between father and daughter Bolkonsky is similar. And although it seems that the father is too strict and intolerant towards his daughter, in fact, he understands too well the difficulties of his daughter’s upcoming life. Therefore, Princess Marya herself refuses Anatoly Kuragin, realizing how right her father is.

7. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Rodion Raskolnikov, explaining the reason for the murder of the old pawnbroker, says that he wanted to help his mother. In fact, he is very kind to his mother, trying to break out of the vicious circle of poverty. With trepidation and excitement, he remembers his father, from whom he was left with a watch (pawned to an old woman pawnbroker). The mother does not fully believe in the crime of her beloved Rodya.

8. A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard"

In the play, daughter Anya, a seventeen-year-old girl, goes after her prodigal mother, lost somewhere in Paris, in order to return her to the bosom of the family to solve problems with the estate. Ranevskaya behaves naively and stupidly. Only Varya, the adopted daughter of the same Ranevskaya, is endowed with common sense. When Lyubov Andreevna gives a gold piece to a passing beggar, Varya cannot stand it and says that there is nothing in the house, and the lady is throwing away such money. Having lost everything, Ranevskaya leaves for Paris and takes away her aunt’s money, leaving her daughters to their fate. The girl Anya is going to the capital, and it is not clear how her life will turn out, where she will get money for living. Varya goes to work as a housekeeper. Fathers and sons change places here.

9. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"

In the Melekhov family, everything rests on the power of the father. And when Panteley Prokofievich finds out about Grigory’s relationship with Aksinya, he decides to marry his son to Natalya. Gregory submits to his father's will. But, realizing that he does not love his wife, he gives up everything and goes with Aksinya to work as workers. He agrees to shame in the name of love. But time destroys everything in the world, and the Melekhovs’ house, the foundations of Cossack life, collapses. And soon no one obeys the laws of life, everyone lives as they want. Daria advances on her father-in-law with an obscene proposal, and Dunyashka puts her mother in a hopeless position and literally forces her to give her blessing for marriage to Mishka Koshev.

10. B. Vasiliev “Tomorrow there was war”

The story focuses on two families, Iskra Polyakova and Vika Lyuberetskaya. Iskra's mother is a female commissar, strong-willed, domineering, and strict. But when the mother once again decides to flog her daughter with her soldier’s belt, she responds in the spirit of her mother - just as strictly and irrevocably. And the mother understands that the girl has matured. Vika and her father have a completely different relationship - warm and trusting. When the girl is faced with a choice: abandon her father or be expelled from the Komsomol, Vika decides to take her own life. She cannot abandon her beloved father, no matter what suspicions fall on him.

Text from the Unified State Examination

(1) The editor of the magazine received an interesting letter. (2) The author, a seventy-two-year-old Muscovite, writes: “When I look at my fourteen-year-old grandson, it sometimes seems to me that he is some kind of alien - he doesn’t look like his mother, me, or his grandmother. (3) No, he’s actually a good guy, it’s a shame to complain: he studies decently, helps his mother - my daughter - with the housework as much as he can, and even in his rude address to me “grandfather” I sometimes feel affection... (4) But his clothes , this sweater with hanging sleeves, jeans with holes in the knees, two earrings in one ear, his speech with all these “outfits” and “gags”, his views and the fact that all my thoughts and judgments cause him ridicule - everything this makes him a real alien in our family... (5) Looking at my grandson and his friends, passing by noisy groups of teenagers, I cannot help but wonder: where did they come from, these strange, self-confident and ignorant youths? (6) Who made them like this? (7) There is no need to argue with the author of the letter. (8) What he writes about is probably familiar to most readers who have grandchildren. (9) The only thing we cannot unconditionally agree with is the question “Who made them like this?” (10) We are so accustomed to looking for those to blame for everything that a calm look at things, an attempt to find an objective explanation, is, unfortunately, difficult for us. (11) Of course, it is much easier to say that television, American films, schools, the market economy, and the government are to blame for everything, than to try to understand the reason for the so frighteningly widening gap between fathers and children, not to mention grandchildren. (12) And this abyss, by the way, has always been there. (13) About this one hundred and forty years ago I.S. Turgenev wrote his famous novel “Fathers and Sons”. (14) Why Turgenev! (15) In one of the ancient Egyptian papyri, the author complains that children have ceased to respect their fathers, their religion and customs, and that the world is truly collapsing. (16) Another thing is that in previous times changes in human society occurred immeasurably slower than now. (17) While studying the influence of the accelerated pace of history in the second half of the 20th century, psychologists even coined the term “future shock.” (18) This is a feeling of confusion, helplessness, disorientation that covers people when their psyche ceases to keep up with too rapid changes in society, in technology, in morals and customs. (19) What can we say about us when in one decade - an elusive moment by the standards of history - we experienced a series of shocks: the economic formation of the political system was replaced, the familiar country disappeared. (20) This is not just a future shock, it is a super shock. (21) You just have to be mentally surprised? the resilience that allowed people to withstand such a historic tsunami. (22) So is it worth looking for those to blame for the fact that our children and grandchildren are not like us? (23) They just live in a different time, in a different era. (24) Who is better, us or them, is a question to which there will never be a clear answer. (25) If for some of us they are aliens, then for them we are, at best, strange old people who do not understand anything about modern life and are afraid of everything. (26) What should we do to somehow narrow the ditch separating us? (27) First of all, we need to be patient and learn to respect each other’s views and morals, no matter how alien they may seem to us. (28) And this, of course, is difficult, but necessary.

(According to E. Korenevskaya)

Introduction

For many centuries, creative people have been concerned about the problem of relationships between generations. Many literary works, films and theatrical productions are devoted to this topic. And in real life, it’s difficult to find a person who has never encountered misunderstanding or disapproval from their elders.

Problem

E. Kereneevskaya states the problem of “fathers” and “children”, reflecting on the letter of a seventy-year-old man, outraged by the dissimilarity of his teenage grandson.

A comment

In the letter from an elderly person, the question clearly sounds: why is the younger generation so different from the older? He expresses concern about the appearance of his fourteen-year-old grandson and his speech, which is full of youth slang. The grandfather has no other complaints - the boy shows himself well in his studies and helps his mother with housework.

At the end of the letter there is a request to find an answer to the question: “Who made them like this?” Perhaps television, foreign films, modern education, government policies are to blame. But people thought about this problem in the old days, especially on the threshold of the greatest changes in society.

Author's position

E. Kereneevskaya is convinced that for reconciliation, “fathers” and “children” should be more tolerant of each other and show respect for the interests of loved ones. Then it will be possible to establish productive communication.

Your position

One cannot but agree with the author. If we were more tolerant of the conservatism of our elders, and if they were not so amazed by all the “oddities” of young people, life would become simpler for many. After all, we are not so different.

Argument No. 1

I.S. writes about this. Turgenev, the greatest Russian classic of the 19th century, in his novel Fathers and Sons. The author examines the clash of two generations, two worlds with opposite views - the world of noble aristocrats, liberal Kirsanovs and the world of commoner revolutionaries Arkady Kirsanov and Evgeny Bazarov.

From the very beginning of the novel, the conflict between “fathers” and “children” gradually increases, reaching its climax in the scene of the duel between Pavel Petrovich and the nihilist Bazarov. But already in the second half of the work we see how the rules of the parents become close to Arkady, how Evgeny accepts much of what he had previously denied.

As a result, Arkady becomes an exemplary family man, lives amicably with both his father and his uncle. And Bazarov, alien to simple human happiness, dies alone. Perhaps less adherence to the ideas of nihilism would have allowed Evgeniy to better understand the old Kirsanovs and his own parents. Maybe his life would have been less tragic.

Argument No. 2

I remember another work where the problem of generational rejection of each other led to the death of the main character. This is the play “The Thunderstorm” by A.N. Ostrovsky.

Kabanova, the mother of a large family, a very powerful and demanding woman, forced her children and their families to live by the rules that Domostroy told her. She did not allow the slightest deviation from the scenario that had developed in her head, humiliated and insulted all her household members in order to keep them in constant fear.

Unable to withstand such an oppressive atmosphere, Katerina, accustomed to the open manifestation of feelings and dreaming of freedom with all her heart, first cheats on her husband, and then completely throws herself into the Volga, committing suicide. Tikhon, having learned about her death, blames his mother for what happened.

The disunity of the heroes, which led to the tragedy, is caused by the inability of people to put up with the weaknesses of others, with the peculiarities of their worldview. If merchant Kabanova had been a little smarter, she would not have been left alone in her old age, but would have found a large and friendly family.

Conclusion

Misunderstanding between parents and children is a pattern dictated by the passage of time. To avoid unnecessary troubles, we need to be more sensitive to each other, try to understand and respect the interests and values of everyone, no matter how strange they may seem to us.