Requirements for the quality of glass products. Glass goods. Classification and characteristics of glass household glassware

Introduction 3

1 Theoretical part 5

1.1. Classification and characteristics of household glassware 5

1.2. Requirements for the quality of glassware 16

2. Research part 25

2.1. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise 25

2.2. Analysis of assortment and suppliers 27

2.3. Product quality examination 33

Conclusion 38

References 40

Introduction

Glass production has been developing in Russia for about 250 years.

Nowadays, the traditions and secrets of old masters are preserved; the ability to work with glass is passed on from generation to generation. Time dictates new trends, but the fundamentals of the craft remain unshakable.

Today, enterprises in our country produce glass and crystal products:

Shot glasses, goblets, wine glasses, decanters, jugs, bowls, glasses, beer series, highly artistic damasks, salad bowls, high-quality vases, vases for interior decoration, perfume containers, bottles for medical purposes.

Manufacturers: JSC CC "Elvis" which includes four glass factories: Ivanishchevsky, Tasinsky, Zolotkovsky and them. Vorovsky, Manufacturing Enterprise "Inter-ART XXI" Tver, LLC "Uralposuda" Gus-Khrustalny, etc.

Along with domestic factories, world leaders in the production of glassware also operate on the Russian sales market, such as: KAVALIER glass factories of the Czech Republic, Italian company "Carlo Giannini".

The object of the study is the range, quality and competitiveness of glass household tableware.

The study analyzes data from the activities of a wholesale and retail enterprise over the past two years.

To achieve the goal set in the work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Give general characteristics and classification of glass household products;

Analyze the quality requirements for glass household products, methods for assessing the real competitiveness of products;

Conduct an analysis of the range of glass products supplied to Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC.

1 Theoretical part

1.1. Classification and characteristics of glass household glassware

Tableware, tea and coffee utensils are made from various materials - ceramic (porcelain, semi-porcelain, earthenware, majolica), silicate (glass) masses.

It is classified according to its chemical composition, color, molding method, shape, size, type and complexity of decoration, purpose and completeness.

According to the chemical composition, dishes can be sodium-lime, potassium-lime, potassium-lead, etc.

Based on color and complexity, dishes are distinguished between colorless, solid colored, and colored with a tint. Particularly delicate tones are characteristic of products painted with rare earth elements.

All raw materials for glass production are divided into the following groups: materials for introducing glass-forming oxides; materials for introducing dyes and opacifiers; materials for introducing technological additives.

Glass is divided according to its chemical composition:

for sodium-calcium-silicate - colorless glass containing silicon dioxide, alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth metal oxides and additional components;

special household - sodium-calcium-silicate glass, containing special oxide additives and having specified physico-chemical properties;

crystal - colorless glass containing mainly silicon dioxide, and the amount of lead oxide, barium oxide, zinc oxide individually or in combination is at least 10% with a refractive index of at least 1.520 and a density of at least 2.4 g/cm 3;

Crystal glass (crystal) is divided according to its chemical composition:

for low-lead - crystal glass containing 18-24% lead oxide with a refractive index of at least 1.530 and a density of at least 2.7 g/cm 3 ;

lead crystal glass containing 24-30% lead oxide, with a refractive index of at least 1.545 and a density of at least 2.9 g/cm 3 ;

high-lead - crystal glass containing 30% or more lead oxide, with a refractive index of more than 1.545 and a density of at least 2.9 g/cm 3 ;

barium - crystal glass containing at least 18% barium oxide and alkali metal oxide.

There are certain requirements for raw materials in glass production. Thus, to obtain high-quality highly transparent glass products, it is necessary that the raw materials are clean, contain a large amount of the main substance, be homogeneous in chemical composition and have a minimum amount of impurities. Harmful impurities in glass raw materials include coloring compounds, and primarily iron oxides.

Materials for the introduction of glass-forming oxides are divided into groups according to chemical characteristics: materials for the introduction of acidic oxides (SiO2, BaO3, Al 2 03, TiO 2); materials for introducing oxides of alkaline earth metals (CaO, MgO, BaO); materials for the introduction of alkaline oxides (Na 2 O, KgO, Li 2 O).

Oxides of silicon, calcium, sodium, lead affect the consumer properties of glass - hardness, fragility, thermal stability, optical properties.

SiO 2 is the main glass-forming material, increases the viscosity and refractoriness of the melt, increases the thermal and chemical stability of products, reduces the refractive index of light by glass, CaO, K 2 0 and Na a O reduce the viscosity of melts, unlike Si02 , as well as thermal and chemical stability of products. PbO increases the refractive index of light, which can reach 1.96, and the density of glass.

Substances that give glass a certain color are called dyes. There are molecular dyes, which, dissolving in the glass mass, form ionic-molecular compounds, and colloidal dyes, which are found in the glass mass in the form of tiny colloidal dispersed particles. Molecular dyes include oxides of manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium, vanadium, iron, uranium; to colloidal - gold, silver, monovalent copper, selenium.

Silenced opal or milk glasses are formed when particles of poorly soluble substances - dampers - are distributed in the glass melt. Fluoride and phosphate compounds are used as silencers - cryolite (3NaF-AlF), sodium fluoride (Na2SiFe), calcium fluoride (CaFa). In addition to the raw materials necessary to obtain glass of a certain composition, various additives are introduced.

Glass melt is obtained by melting a charge, which is a mechanical mixture of powdered raw materials in a certain ratio. In cases where the content of iron and other undesirable impurities in the sand is more than permissible (iron-containing impurities in the production of high-quality tableware are allowed up to 0.03%) for a given type of product, the sand is enriched.

The following methods of forming products are used: pressing, blowing; press blowing.

Products are pressed in special molds, the inner surface of which can be with a relief pattern or smooth. The relief pattern on the surface of the mold is completely reproduced in the form of a convex relief on the outer surface of the product. The pressing method produces products with thick walls, flat, cylindrical, somewhat tapering downwards.

Blowing - both manual and mechanized - produces a variety of products of complex shapes, most often hollow.

Products are made manually in a mold or by free blowing using a glass blowing tube. In the mechanized method, a portion of glass melt is fed into a clean mold, and upon rotation of the mold, the product is finally blown out.

The press-blow molding method combines pressing and blowing. The external shape of the product is created in the mold, and the internal cavity of the product is created by blowing. Press-blow products are characterized by the presence of a seam from the connection of two (or more) parts of the mold, which worsens their appearance.

Firing is carried out to eliminate uneven stresses that arise during rapid cooling during the molding process and cause spontaneous cracking of products. Firing consists of heating the products to the temperature at which the glass begins to soften (530-580 °C), holding at this temperature and slowly cooling.

Product processing includes operations such as cap removal, heating or edge grinding, polishing and decorating products.

After molding of blown glass products, a cap remains, which is removed by fire, and the sharp edge of the product is melted using heating machines (hot processing).

Cold working includes operations such as cutting, grinding and polishing, and engraving.

In terms of types and complexity of decoration, glassware, especially blown glassware, is very diverse.

The range of blown tableware includes dozens of items, hundreds of articles and styles. Crystal glass products occupy a significant share among blown glassware.

Pressed tableware differs from blown glassware in that it has thicker walls, a less complex shape, and the absence of attached parts and decorations.

The range of pressed tableware includes some products of the same names as the range of blown glassware, for example glasses, shot glasses, salad bowls, oil dishes, etc.

Press-blow dishes are produced in a limited assortment - decanters, oil dishes, etc. The products are characterized by simple shapes and decorations. There is a mark on the surface from the mold connections.

According to their purpose, glass products are divided into the following groups:

glassware;

decorative items;

Other products.

The group of glassware includes glass products used in everyday life and catering, for preparing, serving and eating food, drinks and for table setting.

According to their purpose, tableware is, with some convention, divided into tea, coffee and tableware.

The main types of tea and coffee utensils are cups and saucers: tea cups with a capacity of 200-250; 300-350; 400 cm 3 (so-called “appetizing”) and 500 cm 3 - gift; coffee cups and saucers are produced with a capacity of 40; 60 cm 3 and tea and coffee - with a capacity of 100-130 cm 3.

The kettles have a capacity of 250; 350; 500-800 cm 3 (brewed); 1400 cm 3 (topping) and 2450-3500 cm 3 (giants).

Coffee pots are distinguished by a larger spout height and length, capacity 500-1400 cm 3.

Bowls have a conical shape, without handles, with a capacity from 220 to 450 cm 3 . Large bowls (capacity 900-1200 cm3), intended for rinsing cups, are called “Kise”.

Mugs are produced conical and cylindrical, with and without a handle, with a capacity of 90-100; 200-210; 250-300; 350-400 and 500 cm 3.

Glasses are made with a handle, with or without a saucer, “mostly oval shape, capacity 375-400; 500 and 600 cm 3.

Oilers are produced with a lid, on a pallet or without a pallet, with a capacity of 100; 150 and 200 cm 3.

Creamers have different styles, capacity 150-250 and 300-425 cm 3. Milk jugs differ from cream jugs in having a larger capacity.

Sugar bowls come in different styles, with a capacity of 250-300; 350-400; 500-600 cm 3.

Tea and coffee utensils also include stemmed fruit vases, jam vases, rinsers, glasses, etc. The range of tableware includes dishes, spice utensils, mustard pots, pepper shakers, gravy jugs, salad bowls, herring bowls, rusk bowls, plates, etc.

The dishes are designed to serve hot and cold meat, vegetable and fish snacks. They are round, oval, flat and deep, with smooth or cut edges. Salad bowls are used for salad and vinaigrette, capacity 120; 240; 360; 720; 1000; 1200 and 1400 cm3. Herring racks produce oval, fish-shaped, rectangular ones with a length of 135 mm (portioned) and 250-300 mm (regular). Bread rusks are made flat with a length of 270 and 300 mm, oval recessed with a length of 310-335 mm. Plates are divided into deep and small, with a smooth and cut-out edge, smooth and with a relief pattern on the side. According to their purpose and size, they are produced deep - with a diameter of 240 mm (dinner), shallow - with a diameter of 240 mm (stand), 175-220 mm (snack bars and for the second course), 175 mm (dessert), 150 mm (pie ), 200 mm (children's deep). Bowls are produced in the form of very deep plates with a diameter of 170-180"; 220 and 350 mm. Khrennitsa are a vessel with a lid in which there is a cutout for a spoon, without handles or with two handles, with a capacity of 200-400 cm 3. Mustard pots are made mostly with a removable lid, capacity 35-40; 80-90; 100-150 cm 3. Pepper shakers in the upper part of the body have small holes through which pepper spills.

There are tea utensils for serving food and drinks on the table - dishes, vases for jam and cookies, milk jugs, sugar bowls; for eating and drinking - a saucer for tea and jam, glasses for tea.

The shape of the products is very different: shaped, conical, oval, teardrop-shaped, spherical, hemisphere-shaped, tulip-shaped, bowl-shaped, cylindrical with a unfolded edge, tapering downwards, with an interception in the middle.

The legs of the products, in turn, are also varied:

high and low;

curly, smooth;

polished and unpolished.

Based on capacity, products are divided into:

for glasses - capacity 25 g;

glasses - capacity 110-200 g;

wine glasses - capacity 200-250 g;

glasses - capacity 30-150 g.

Products without stems for drinking drinks include drinking glasses and beer mugs.

Depending on the capacity, glasses are divided into glass cans:

for wine - 25-100 g;

beer - 200-300 g;

mineral and fruit waters - 250-300 g;

champagne - 100-150 g.

Glasses come in different shapes: cylindrical, conical, oval, with a rolled edge, with a thickened bottom.

Mugs are a hollow product with a cylindrical, spherical handle.

The range of tableware includes:

trays of various shapes;
ashtrays with different numbers of recesses for papi-ros;
napkin stands;
napkin rings.

Glass decorative products:

objects of applied art (flower vases);

sculpture;
souvenirs.

They are made both in single copies and in mass quantities.

Artistic and decorative products are distinguished by complex shapes, sizes and various decorations (the most valuable and expensive cuts are applied to them).

Crystal products occupy a special place among artistic and decorative products due to the specific properties inherent in crystal.

The dimensions of the dishes are indicated in cubic centimeters or liters (for hollow dishes), as well as in millimeters in diameter or diameter and height (for flat dishes).

Classification of dishes can be carried out depending on the type of decoration.

There are cuttings of glass products that are applied to the products in a hot state (during the production process) and applied to the products in a cold state (to finished products).

By decorating in a hot state, products from colored glass are produced - various dyes are introduced into the mixture;

products with color are two- or three-layer, with the outer layer made of colored glass and the inner layer made of colorless glass;

products made of zinc sulfide glass with alternating white and yellow stripes of oppressed glass. White stripes are obtained due to the formation of ZnS, yellow - FeS;

products made from crackle glass - a collection of glass melt is quickly cooled in water, as a result of which thin surface cracks are formed, which melt during further processing;

products decorated with filigree, or twisting, in the form of two- or three-color spiral-shaped threads, which gives openwork;

marbled glass products, which are obtained by adding milk glass and glass melt of a different color to the main glass mass with uneven mixing;

bulk glass products - glass melt in the form of a “jar” is rolled out over crushed colored glass, the particles of which adhere to its surface. After this, the product is molded in the usual way;

products (small forms) made of glass with an optical pattern - you create an optical effect with edges and waves in the thickness of the walls;

glass products with cutting iridescence - iridescent iridescence is formed when the product is heated in a vapor atmosphere of a mixture of salts of tin chloride, strontium nitrate and barium chloride

products decorated with fiberglass fabrics - an almost completely finished product is covered with glass with a fabric of a certain color and pattern and finally blown. The glass fabric is firmly connected to the glass mass, giving a beautiful appearance to the products;

products with various patterned color coatings in the form of films (chandeliers). Chandeliers are produced by applying solutions of organic metal compounds in organic solvents to the surface of products and subsequent firing.

Cuts applied to glass products in a hot state do not have a negative effect, except for crackle, on the mechanical strength and thermal resistance of the products.

When decorating in a cold state, finishing is applied to finished products using mechanical and chemical methods, as well as painting.

Cuts applied mechanically include matte tape, number grinding, diamond edge, lettered (wide) edge and engraving:

a product with a matte ribbon - decorated along the upper edge with a matte strip up to 2 mm wide by treating the glass surface with special abrasive materials;

product with number grinding - has a deep pattern with a complex composition, applied using a grinding wheel without subsequent polishing;

a glass product with a diamond edge - edges of different profiles and depths are applied. using an abrasive wheel;

product with a lettered (wide) edge - decorated thick-walled products, the edges must be polished to a mirror finish;

product with engraving - using copper disks, a surface, matte design is made in the form of flowers, branches, etc.

Chemically or etched cuts can be clear or matte. The essence of this method of decorating glass products is to destroy the surface of the glass with hydrofluoric acid or fluorine salts.

Simple etching is a simple, repeating pattern in the form of broken, spiral and zigzag lines.

Double and multi-layer products are decorated with deep artistic etching, and the outer layer should be colored and the inner layer colorless.

To decorate glass products with picturesque designs, thermoplastic paints are used, which, after application to the product, are fixed by firing at a temperature of 550-580 ° C.

The main types of decorations are often used in combination with additional ones, which include: a motley pattern, relief and individual details with paint or gold; cutting relief or design with paint or gold; additional drawing (additional work with paint or gold to the main drawing); arabesque (narrow side ornament applied by hand with paint or gold); coating of the relief (continuous coating of the relief), etc.

All types of jewelry are divided into groups depending on their complexity and labor intensity. The number of these groups is indicated in the price list for each type of cutting.

According to the completeness, the dishes are produced in the form of individual items, paired (cup and saucer) and complete in the form of sets, sets and sets. Sets and sets are produced for 6 to 12 people. The sets are more complete than the sets. Sets consist of 3; 4; 5; 8; 10 or more (up to 24) items. Services, sets and sets can be tea, coffee, dining and children's, the composition of which is indicated in the price list.

1.2. Requirements for the quality of glassware

In products made of colorless glass, slight colored tints are allowed that do not spoil the presentation. A difference in color intensity of the same product made of colored and applied glass, caused by uneven wall thickness, and different colored shades of decor obtained by heat treatment of zinc sulfide glass, which does not spoil the presentation, are allowed.

In areas of products decorated with colored chips, foreign materials that do not spoil the presentation are allowed. inclusions with a size of no more than 1 mm in an amount of no more than 3 pieces. (for small and medium-sized products), no more than pcs. (for large and especially large ones).

For defects that cannot be measured, samples agreed with the consumer may be approved.

Local accumulations of midges, cut edges, stuck pieces of glass, burrs, burns, dull coating on the edges, as well as undercutting and elongation of design lines larger than 4.0 mm are not allowed in the dishes.

The following defects are allowed:

svil, sparsely located, not spoiling the presentation;

a bubble in the form of a “sickle”, which does not spoil the presentation at the junction of the vessel and the leg, the leg and the bottom, the handle and the vessel, decorative elements:

scree, re-melting of the edge, processed chips and chips, traces of surface damage, marks from molds and scissors that do not spoil the presentation;

traces of distillation and polishing, defects in decoration with preparations of precious metals, luster and silicate paints, underdrawing and elongation of drawing lines when decorating with ring lines, torsion in mechanized products that do not spoil the presentation.

In addition, in products with a stem, asymmetry of the junction of the vessel and the bottom, which does not spoil the presentation, is allowed, and at the junction of the vessel and the stem, the stem and the bottom, a ring-shaped thickening or waviness is also allowed.

The “mound” on decorated products must be melted, without cutting glass particles, and must not crumble. The seams and the end surface of the upper edge of the products must be smooth.

Lids and plugs must be selected for the products. Lids must freely cover or fit into the products. Plugs with unworn stems should fit freely into the neck of the product. The ground stem of the cork should fit snugly to the neck of the product; a barely noticeable wobble of the cork on the neck is allowed. In toiletries, the stem of the cork must be ground in.

The product must be stable on a flat horizontal surface.

Glasses and saucers for tea, plates for hot food must be heat-resistant. Blown products should not collapse at a temperature of 95-70-20 °C, pressed products 95-60-20 °C.

The total number of allowed defects in appearance in one small product is no more than 2, medium - 3, large - 4.

When tapped, crystal products emit a long melodious ringing sound. The sound effect increases with increasing lead oxide content and decreasing wall thickness: drop-down products have a greater sound effect.

A special feature of crystal products is also the light effect, which depends on the amount of lead and the cutting angle. At a cutting angle of 90 degrees, the reflection of light incident on the edge is greatest. The reflection coefficient is directly proportional to the content of lead oxides in the glass.

Crystal products are made massive and thick-walled, so deep diamond edges can be applied to them and thereby increase the reflection of light.

Depending on the quality of the glass. methods of production and processing, products are divided into 1st and 2nd grades. Products must have a shiny, smooth surface, polished to complete transparency.

In colorless products, faint bluish tints are allowed that do not spoil the presentation.

Products made of glass and crystal, which are subjected to sudden heating and cooling and mechanical stress during operation, must have the necessary thermal resistance and mechanical strength, especially to impact.

The consumer properties (usefulness) of glass products used in everyday life and in public catering are determined by a set of properties - functionality, economy, aesthetics, comfort (convenience, hygiene), reliability (strength, durability), etc.

The functional properties of glass products depend on the nature of the glass, shape, size and purpose of the products.

Ergonomic properties of products, first of all, are ease of use (comfort) and hygiene of glass products.

The comfort of household utensils is determined by the ease of performing their functions, keeping them clean, and storing them. At the same time, the shape and capacity of the product, the presence and location of handles, and the correspondence of their shape to the fingers are taken into account. When assessing the ease of care of products, they pay attention to the diameter of the upper hole, the nature of the surface, the presence of roughness, sharp, cutting and scratching areas, corners and recesses, as well as the ease of transportation, packaging, and storage of products.

The hygienic properties of tableware are determined primarily by the nature and properties of glass. Products must have high chemical resistance and be harmless to the human body. When assessing hygiene, the simplicity and ease of removing various types of contaminants from the surface of products and keeping them clean are taken into account.

The aesthetic properties of glass products are characterized by the integrity of the composition, rationality of form and information content.

Undefined contours of both the entire product and its elements, poor color and design, hiding the natural properties of the material, worsen the aesthetic perception of the product’s shape.

The ratio of the sizes of parts, sides, and patterns characterizes the proportionality of the product.

The reliability of glass products is determined by their durability. Products with attached parts, high legs, and complex configurations are less reliable.

Products must have a shiny, smooth surface, polished to complete transparency.

The edge and end surface of the upper edge of the products must be melted or polished. A bevel is applied to the edge of the upper edge of the products or other types of processing are used. Lids and plugs must be selected for the products.

Lids must cover or fit into the products freely. The difference between the diameter of the lid and the edge of the body (or neck) should not exceed 2 mm.

Plugs with unworn stems should fit freely into the neck of the product. The ground stem of the cork should fit snugly to the neck of the product. In toiletries, the stem of the cork must be ground in.

The spout of the product should be located opposite the handle.

Attaching adhesive parts and decorative elements should be simple.

The bottom of the products must be smooth, clearly polished, and ensure a stable position on a flat horizontal surface. The inner surface of the bottom of trays and saucers should ensure the stability of the products placed on them.

The products in the set must be selected so that the difference in height between them does not exceed the permissible deviation from parallelism of the edge of the bottom plane.

The difference in the edge thickness of the walls should not be more than 0.5 mm for products with a wall thickness up to 3 mm inclusive and 1 mm for products with a wall thickness over 3 mm.

The quality of household glassware depends on the presence of defects that negatively affect its mechanical, thermal, optical, aesthetic and sanitary properties.

Defects in glass products are divided into three groups - defects in glass mass, production and processing.

The impact of a particular defect on the quality of a product depends on its type, location, size, and also on the size of the product.

Based on these criteria, some defects are allowed with restrictions on quantity, size and location, while others are not allowed at all.

Defects are allowed in glass products that do not spoil the appearance and are subject to the requirements of the agreement/contract:

faint bluish tints in lead crystal products;

difference in the intensity of coloring of the same product made of colored and applied glass, caused by uneven wall thickness;

a barely noticeable difference in the density of the color shade of parts of sets or sets between large and small items of the set for products made of colored glass;

barely noticeable swinging of the plug in the neck;

a ring-shaped protrusion no larger than 1.5 mm on the internal surfaces of the bottoms of products on a leg, manufactured in a multi-stage method;

slight deviations in the height and width of the teeth located along the edges of the products;

small deviations in coloring, engraving from the drawing or sample, which do not violate the artistic design of the product;

a small addition of a design or polish that would not affect the presentation of the product;

foreign inclusions up to 0.5 mm in size inclusive in an amount of no more than 2 pieces. on medium, large and especially large products;

Defects that are not allowed on glass products, regardless of size and location:

foreign inclusions with cracks and cuts around them;

foreign inclusions that do not have cracks or nicks around them, in tea glasses, cups, teapots;

glass cutting stick;

cuts, cracks;

cutting mark of scissors;

blown glass;

sharp, cutting edge or edge of products;

underpressing, scratching burrs;

undermining attached parts;

trace of impact with a tool with cracks around;

burnt paint, decals with peeling and abrasion;

a bubble pressed onto the inner surface of food and drink products;

devitrification along the edges of food and drink products;

unmelted scree along the edges of the products;

chips and chips, unfixed or partially melted or painted over and scratching along the edges of products for eating and drinking;

cutting slipper.

If one or another defect is detected on the products, it is necessary to make sure that it does not spoil the appearance.

Defects that spoil the appearance of products reduce the quality of products depending on the location, size of the defect, as well as the product itself

Maintaining product quality largely depends on the quality of packaging.

Packaging is a means or set of means that protect products from environment, from damage and loss and facilitating the handling process (storage, transportation and sale of products).

The packaging of glass products must comply with the description of the technical conditions of the agreement (contract) or other regulatory documents.

If the agreement (contract) does not contain special instructions regarding packaging, the seller must ship the goods in packaging used for this type of product, which would ensure the safety of the cargo during transportation, taking into account possible overloads with proper and normal handling of the cargo. Where appropriate, the duration and methods of transport must also be taken into account.

Glass products must be packaged in consumer containers (group containers with cells for each product and/or individual containers), and then in transport containers.

Transport packaging is an independent transport unit. Consumer packaging is packaging that comes to the consumer with products and does not perform the function of a transport container.

Group packaging is intended for a certain number of products.

Individual packaging is intended for a unit of production.

Cardboard boxes should be used as consumer (group and/or individual) packaging.

When packaging products in consumer (group with nests and/or partitions for products and/or individual) containers, the products must first be wrapped in paper and lined with cushioning material to prevent movement of the products inside the container.

The following can be used as cushioning material: corrugated cardboard, cushioning, wood or paper shavings or other soft cushioning material.

After packing the products into it, consumer containers are sealed with tape and placed in transport containers (boxes).

When packing in transport containers (boxes), horizontal rows are laid with sheets of corrugated cardboard or other cushioning material. Free spaces in the container must be tightly filled with cushioning material to prevent movement of consumer (group and/or individual) containers inside the boxes.

Boxes made of corrugated cardboard at the junction of the valves are sealed crosswise with tape (synthetic or paper reinforced with synthetic or textile tapes) of the same color.

The use of textile tapes does not ensure the safety of products, since with additional movement of containers (boxes) and storing them in a heated room, the tape dries out, becomes deformed and moves away from the cardboard.

Boxes made of corrugated cardboard must be surrounded by metal or synthetic tapes, the ends of which are fastened into a lock with an imprint.

Wooden combined boxes must be strong, without distortions, made of new boards and also surrounded by metal bands, the ends of which must be fastened into a lock with an imprint.

The gross weight of each box must correspond to the gross weight specified in the contract, but not exceed:

For boxes made of corrugated cardboard - 20 kg;

For plank or combined - 80 kg. When shipping glass products in heavy-duty containers, the glass products must also be packed in transport containers (boxes). Boxes in containers must be stacked in rows in accordance with handling signs. Heavier boxes are stacked on the bottom row. The container must be filled with boxes to its full capacity. Free spaces in the container are filled with cushioning material in order to prevent the movement of transport packaging inside the containers.

Each package must include a packing list indicating:

package number, manufacturer, name, article and size of products, number of packages in consumer packaging and total number of products in a given package;

net weight, gross weight.

Each package must be clearly marked with indelible red markings:

buyer's contract and/or order number;

package number, recipient, gross weight, net weight in kilograms,

warning labels.

Boxes must be marked on both ends. The marking is applied in the language of the selling country with translation her text into the language of the purchasing country.

Product marking is applied to a paper label, which is glued directly to the product, consumer packaging, group packaging made of paper and transport containers.

The marking must be clear, legible and contain the following data: trademark and abbreviated name of the manufacturer; article, pattern number or processing group; retail price; designation of the standard. The composition and chain of a set or service are indicated on the consumer packaging or on the largest product. Each product must have a label; on pressed and press-blow products; the trademark, name of the manufacturer and retail name are allowed to be applied to the bottom of the product during the process.

2. Research part

2.1. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise

The founder of LLC "Wholesale and Retail Enterprise Rostov" is a legal entity - the Rostov Regional Consumer Union, registered by the City Registration Chamber for the Leninsky District of Rostov-on-Don dated December 27, 1996 No. 2953 - RP-LR.

General characteristics of the enterprise are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 - General characteristics of Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC

Full and abbreviated name of the enterprise	Limited Liability Company "Wholesale and Retail Enterprise Rostov" LLC "Wholesale and Retail Enterprise Rostov"
Date of registration of the enterprise
Registration certificate number
Kind of activity	Trade and purchasing
Organizational and legal form	Limited Liability Company
Bank details	Current account number - 40802810452090100484 in the branch of the Security Council of the Russian Federation No. 5221/0362
Legal and actual address	Rostov-on-Don, St. Mekhanizatorov, 5

The highest management body of Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC is the Board of the Rostov Regional Consumer Union.

The Board meets as needed, but at least twice a year. The board may be convened at the request of the director with the agenda proposed by him no later than one month after the application is submitted.

The work of the board is led by the chairman. The Chairman organizes the preparation and conduct of the Board meeting.

The current work of Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC is managed by a director who is appointed by the Management Board.

2.2. Analysis of assortment and suppliers

The Rostov wholesale and retail base works mainly with regular suppliers. The criterion for selecting suppliers is, first of all, product quality. Suppliers' products have certificates of conformity.

The main suppliers are presented in table 2.1

Table 2.1 - Main suppliers of Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC

Provider	Legal address	Products
1. LLC "Posuda"	Nizhny Novgorod region, Bor, Steklozavodskoe highway.	Tempered glassware with increased thermal strength: glasses, sockets
Gusevsky Crystal Factory	Vladimir region, Gus-Khrustalny, st. Kalinina, 29	Variety of tableware made of colored and applied glass and crystal.
Glass factory "Red May"	Tver region, Vyshne-Volotsky district, village. Krasnomaysky	Products made of colored glass and crystal: vases, bowls.
OJSC "Experimental Glass Factory"	Vladimir region, Gus-Khrustalny, st. International	Pressed glass products: glasses, mugs, sugar bowls, serving bowls
Glass factory "Red Ushna"	Vladimir region, Selivanovsky district, Krasnaya Ushna settlement	Shot glasses, wine glasses, glasses, vases
CJSC "Armavirsteklo"	Krasnodar region, Armavir, st. P. Osipenko.	Glasses, shot glasses, goblets

In percentage terms, the volume of supplies of various enterprises is presented in Figure 2.1

Rice. 2.1 – Volume of supplies of various enterprises on average for 2009 – 2010 (%)

Thus, at present, the predominant share of products sold by Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC belongs to Armavirsteklo CJSC.

At the same time, over the past year the volume of products supplied to

The Krasny May plant, which produces original products from colored and applied glass.

The volume of supplies from the famous Gusev Crystal Factory, whose products are in great demand, is distinguished by originality of solutions and a good reputation, increased by 3.5%.

Data on the structure of the assortment of glass household tableware sold by the Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC store in 2010

Table 2.2 Assortment of glass household tableware sold by the Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC store

Groupings of dishes	Types of products	Specific Gravity by quantity

Dinnerware	glasses, mugs, cups, glasses, wine glasses, shot glasses, glasses,
Household dishes	jars for pickles and jam, barrels, bottles for storing liquids
Cookware	pots of various capacities, roasting pans
Decorative tableware	sculptures, flower vases, horn-shaped glasses

The table data shows that the largest share in terms of quantity and amount of goods sold was the tableware group, since this product is in greatest demand among buyers. It is also clear that the specific weight in quantity does not entail an increase in the specific weight in the amount of the goods received. For example, the share of kitchen utensils by quantity was only 6.5%, and by amount 35.2%. This is due to the fact that a unit of kitchenware has a fairly high cost. Although household utensils were sold in larger quantities, their share was 17.6%, but since the retail cost of a unit of production is not high, its share in value was only 9.29%.

Table 2.3 Data on the structure of the assortment of glass household tableware sold by Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC in 2010 by type of glass

The largest share in terms of amount, if we take into account the supply of glassware along with the supply of crystal, was crystal. This is due to the fact that the cost of 1 unit. crystal has the highest cost. Ordinary tableware accounted for the largest share in quantity, but the smallest in amount, since this is a product for 1 unit. products have the lowest cost.

The analysis of the assortment is carried out according to assortment indicators such as: breadth and completeness of the assortment, novelty and sustainability, structure, rationality and harmony. Calculations and data are presented in table 2.4.

Table 2.4 Nomenclature of properties and assortment indicators.

Names and symbols		Calculation of indicators
Properties	Indicators	Calculation of indicators
Latitude(W): valid	Valid (W d)
	Basic (W b)	Ш b = b =8
	Latitude coefficient (K w)	K w = W d / W b * 100%
Completeness(P): real.	Valid(P d)
	Basic(P b)
	Completeness coefficient (P w)	K p = P d / P b * 100%
Stability(U)	Stability index(U)
	Stability coefficient (K y)	K y =U/ W b * 100% K y =10/8*100%=125%
Novelty(N)	Novelty index (N)
Novelty(N)	Renewal rate(Kn)	Kn = N/W d * 100% Kn =10/3*100%=333%
Structure(C)	Relative indicator of the structure of the department. Products(i)
Minimum assortment (list) (A m)	Minimum assortment indicator (A m)

Designations:

D - number of groups of cookware available, available. D= 3

B - basic number of species, taken as the basis for comparison (maximum number of species) B = 8 (Cookware - center")

A - the quantity of an individual product in monetary terms (glassware. Ordinary glass.) 110,000/ 365 = 301 pieces sold per day. (110,000 turnover per year.)

A 1 =23.6r; A 2 =25r;A 3 =25.50; A 4 =85p

the total quantity of goods in monetary terms. S=159.1p

y is the number of goods in stable demand. Y=10

n is the number of new types of goods. H= 5

Conclusion: The trade range of glassware presented in the Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC store is complex

2.3. Product quality examination

The examination of glass and crystal products is carried out personally by the expert in accordance with the technical conditions of agreements (contracts) or standard (OST), based on the task set by the customer of the examination.

Before examination, a batch of goods that is heterogeneous in composition must be sorted by assortment (name, article numbers, sizes, etc.).

If the customer presents several batches of goods at the same time, each batch is checked separately, taking into account the shipping documents.

The expert is obliged:

1. Familiarize yourself with the warehousing procedure and storage conditions of the goods. .

2. Conduct an external inspection of the condition of the transport packaging, paying attention to the presence of damage or signs of tampering, appropriate transport markings, the presence of handling signs and warning notices.

When opening each product item, the control (adhesive) tapes must be cut, and not torn off the cardboard or torn.

During the opening process, the expert determines the presence and condition of auxiliary packaging materials, the order of laying each row and the degree of filling of each transport package.

The expert enters the results of checking the quality, quantity, completeness of the goods, and the condition of the packaging in a workbook.

The actual quantity of products is compared with the quantity indicated in the packing slips, specifications or in the markings on the product item or paper label.

If a discrepancy between the goods and the data of shipping documents or damage to the goods (presence of damaged products) is detected, the expert must suspend further opening, personally check the quantity of goods again in the presence of the customer and then conduct an additional external and internal inspection of the goods and packaging materials in order to establish the reasons for the shortage. or damage to the goods.

If a shortage of goods is detected, if no damage to the packaging is detected (presence of re-gluing of tape, breaking of nails), it is necessary to weigh the goods item to determine the net and gross weight, comparing it with the data indicated in the markings on the box or in the accompanying documents. The expert warns the customer about the safety of the item in which a shortage is detected until the dispute between the supplier and the recipient is resolved.

If, after opening the goods item and additional inspection, traces of damage with access to the goods or traces of a violation that does not exclude access are revealed, the expert is obliged to draw the attention of the representative of the customer of the examination to this and recommend that he call representatives of law enforcement agencies. If the expert is presented with a product in packaging damaged during transportation or in a faulty shipping place, the expert is obliged to request a report from the transport organization (commercial report) from the customer.

The quality of crystal and glass products is checked visually with the naked eye in diffuse daylight or similar lighting at a distance of 500-600 mm from the inspector’s eyes.

According to the task, the expert checks the conformity of products by the method of production and processing, by shape, capacity, size, method of processing necks, lids and stoppers for carafes, as well as by color, weight, size and number of items in the set or service standards-samples approved in the prescribed manner, as well as the presence of defects that negatively affect the mechanical, thermal, optical, aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic properties of the products; their sizes, locations and causes of occurrence.

The inspection begins with a general inspection of the product and measuring its overall dimensions. To check the compliance of the overall dimensions of products and/or their capacity with the data of the contract conditions, universal measuring instruments, a graduated measuring cup or cylinder are used.

For products characterized by height and diameter, the group (small, medium, large) is determined by the largest size.

To determine the height of the product, use a right triangle and a ruler - the point of intersection vertically and horizontally - the height of the product.

To determine the size of products that have a quadrangular shape, measurements are taken along the largest diagonal.

The capacity of products is determined by the mass of water in grams at 20 ° C contained in the product, or by the volume of water measured with a graduated cylinder or graduated glass. When checking the container, water is poured to the edge of the product.

Product deviations in capacity, diameter and height are allowed, which must be specified in the contract.

To determine the thickness of the walls, edges, body, and bottom of the product, a caliper is used.

To determine the edge slant and deformation of the product, a wedge-shaped steel plate or caliper is used. The deformation of flat products is determined by measuring the gap between the edge of the product and a flat plane using a measuring wedge; hollow products - by determining the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters; products on a leg - by determining the difference between the maximum and minimum height of the edge of the product installed on a flat surface.

If there are surface bubbles on the products, then their strength is checked by lightly pressing on the bubble with a special metal rod 300-400 mm long, having a rounded end with a diameter of 1-1.5 mm.

The strength of fixation of silicate and luster paints and films of precious metals on products is determined by intensive rubbing of the products with flannel fabric.

A magnifying glass is used to determine the presence of cracks, cuts, and foreign inclusions.

In cases where the cause of the formation of a defect (cracks, destruction) cannot be determined by external inspection, a study is carried out in an accredited independent laboratory.

When internal stress is detected in the glass mass in the examination report, this defect is characterized as a hidden defect of a production nature. Otherwise, cracks and destruction are classified as defects of mechanical origin

The results of the examination of glass and crystal products are documented in an examination report, which is drawn up on uniform forms in accordance with the requirements of the Instructions on the procedure for carrying out examination of goods by expert organizations of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation.

The main data for drawing up the report are the notes that the expert made in the workbook during the examination process. They must be drawn up and recorded in the relevant sections of the act.

The results of the examination of glass and crystal products are documented by the expert in the following order.

1. Based on the results of checking the quantity and completeness of products, the total number of checked products is indicated first, and then separately the number of sets (sets, sets) and the number of individual items.

If discrepancies in quantity of products are identified (surplus, shortage, incompleteness), then they are reflected in the conclusion on a separate line, indicating, if possible, their formation.

The number of products tested for each article, size, and container is indicated separately.

The number of broken pieces and the number of products with defects for each article are indicated separately.

2. Based on the results of checking the quality of products, the following quantities are separately identified:

broken products from detailed description the state of the packaging and, if possible, the reasons for the formation of the break;

products with mechanical damage with a detailed description of the condition of the packaging and, if possible, the reason for the damage. If defects of both a mechanical and manufacturing nature are found on one product, the product is recorded as a product with a mechanical defect;

products with manufacturing defects. The expert describes in detail products with defects; their nature, size, location, when possible, the reason for their occurrence and the approximate level of quality reduction as a percentage based on the presence of defects are indicated, if such a task is assigned to the expert. If a product has more than one defect, the percentage of quality reduction is determined based on the largest defect.

When determining the level of quality reduction in sets, sets, sets with defects, the percentage of quality reduction is established separately for each item.

Conclusion

This paper aims to analyze the range, quality and competitiveness of glass household tableware sold by Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC.

Behind last years The market for household utensils in Russia has expanded significantly. Today, the supply of tableware on the market is distinguished by a rich variety of shape solutions and original designs. A promising direction for the development of the glass industry is associated with the development and implementation of new technologies, the use of traditions and experience of leading Russian glass and crystal manufacturers.

A solid, independent, interregional company - a brief but accurate description of Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC. The leading activity of Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC has been and remains retail trade in glass products.

Limited Liability Company "Wholesale and Retail Enterprise Rostov" was created in accordance with Resolution of the Board of the Rostov Regional Consumer Union No. 57 dated 04/07. 1997.

The main achievement of Rostov Wholesale and Retail Enterprise LLC is the creation of a selection of a diverse assortment that satisfies the tastes of customers, constant updating of the assortment and high quality service

As the data show, the bulk of the products are products priced above the average, and over the past year their volume in the product range of Rostov LLC has increased by 4.9%, at the same time there has been a simultaneous reduction in both expensive products and products at average prices. prices.

This trend cannot be considered as positive, since among the high-priced products there are mainly products made of crystal, colored glass, high quality, with an original design, which find their consumers. Such products are readily accepted as gifts; their undoubted advantage is their high artistic quality. Therefore, the volume of these products in the enterprise’s assortment should not be constantly reduced.

At the same time, the growth of products at a price higher than the average leads to the fact that the enterprise, when selling, is forced to reduce the level of the trade markup, which underestimates the amount of profit.

List of used literature

Agbash V.L., Elizarova V.F. Merchandising of non-food products. – M., 2006

Alekseev N.S. Merchandising of household goods. –M., 2004.

Eshchenko V.F. Merchandising of household goods. – M., 2004.

Krasovsky P.A., Kovalev A.A. Product and its expertise. – M., 2008.

Lifits I.M. Theory and practice of assessing the competitiveness of goods and services. M., 2007.

Nikolaeva M.A. Commodity expertise. – M., 2008.

Pervyk N.V., Kuznetsova T.S. Methodology for examining the quality of glass household goods. – M., 1994.

Semenenko S.V. Examination of goods: Textbook. – Belgorod: BKAPK, 1997

Merchandiser's Directory: (Non-food products). In 3 volumes. T.3/N. G. Asuturyan, A.V. Viktorov, E.V. Zaitsev and others - 3rd ed., revised. - M.: Economics, 1999, 236 p.

Commodity research and organization of trade in non-food products / Ed. Neverova A.N. – M., 2007

Chechetkina N.M., Putilina T.I., Gorbuneva V.V. Commodity expertise. – Rostov n/d., 2006

The quality of glassware and decorative glass products must comply with the requirements of GOST 30407-96. According to GOST, the general technical requirements for products that do not spoil the presentation are allowed:

- processed chips;
- sparsely located ridge;
- sparsely located “midge”;
- a sickle-shaped bubble at the junction of individual parts of the product and decorative elements;
- traces of surface damage;
- marks from molds and scissors;
- traces of distillation and polishing;
- underdrawing and lengthening of drawing lines;
- torsion in mechanized products;
- thickening with one protrusion on the upper edge of glasses made of sodium-potassium-silicate glass;
- waviness of the surface of the faces;
- deviation in the drawing from the reference sample caused by the need to eliminate defects;
- asymmetry of the junction of the vessel and the bottom, ring-shaped thickening or waviness at the junction of the vessel and the leg, leg and bottom.

On areas of products decorated with colored chips, foreign inclusions of no more than 1 mm in size that do not spoil the presentation are allowed. in quantities of no more than 3 pcs. for small and medium-sized products, no more than 5 pcs. -- for large and especially large products. (Table 1.1.)

glassware assortment quality

Table 1.1 Classification of glassware depending on overall dimensions

	Height, mm	Diameter or length, mm	Full capacity
	Up to 100 incl.	Up to 100 incl.	Up to 1 00 incl.
		St. 100 - 150

Particularly large

The product group is determined by the largest parameter.

Marking

Product marking is applied to a paper label, which is glued directly to the product (the use of silicate glue is not allowed) or during production. Labeling of consumer (group and (or) individual) packaging, group packaging made of paper and transport packaging is applied to a paper label or stamp.

It is allowed not to apply markings to consumer containers packed in transport containers.

The product labeling on the paper label indicates the following information:

mass fraction of lead oxide (only for lead crystal);

A label is placed on each product. In sets, the label will be placed on at least one item, in sets - on the largest and not less than two others.

It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, not to apply markings to products or to apply them to some of the products in a batch.

Products intended for export are marked in accordance with the terms of the agreement or contract.

The following data is indicated in the labeling of consumer (group and (or) individual) packaging and group packaging made of paper:

trademark and (or) name of the manufacturer;

name of products;

number of products per packaging unit (for group packaging);

controller and packer number;

designation of this standard.

For certified products, the mark of conformity or the number of the certificate of conformity is placed in the product labeling on a paper label and (or) in the labeling of containers and packaging, as well as in shipping documentation.

Transport marking - in accordance with GOST 14192 with the application of the handling sign “Fragile - carefully”.

It is allowed to apply an image of a handling sign on a label intended for marking containers.

Package

Products are packaged in consumer and transport containers.

Specific types of containers and packaging that ensure the safety of products during transportation and gross weight are indicated in contracts for the supply of products between the manufacturer and the consumer.

Acceptance rules

Products are accepted in batches.

A batch is considered to be a certain number of products of the same assortment made of glass of the same type. The batch acceptance results must be confirmed by the technical control department.

To establish the group, the height and diameter of the products are determined with any measuring instrument, the capacity is determined using measuring utensils or by weighing the mass of water contained in the product on a scale with a division of at least 5 g. Water is poured to the edge.

To verify compliance of products with the requirements of this standard, acceptance control is carried out.

The plan and procedure for carrying out acceptance inspection are established in accordance with GOST 18242. The value of the acceptance level of defects is 4.0 %.

Defective products, no more than 4% of the lot, must be returned to the manufacturer.

The quality of the main groups of glass household goods (GBT) is standardized by GOST 30407-96, which applies to products made of ordinary glass and crystal and sets requirements for appearance, physical and chemical characteristics, labeling, packaging, and safety.

Safety requirements are mandatory; according to these indicators, glassware that comes into contact with food is subject to mandatory certification. The requirements of this group include requirements for chemical safety (the migration of lead and cadmium is limited); to mechanical safety (chips, stuck pieces of glass, cutting and crumbling particles, through cuts and cut edges, foreign inclusions that cause damage to glass are not allowed), to water resistance and heat resistance; to the strength of fastening of handles and decorative elements.

In trade practice, quality control is usually carried out according to indicators appearance, compliance with labeling, possibility of operation (checking the product in action).

When checking the appearance of SBT, defects may be detected that negatively affect various indicators of product properties. The impact of a particular defect on the quality of a product depends on the type of defect, its location, size, and the size of the product. Based on these criteria, some defects are allowed with restrictions on quantity and size, while others are not allowed.

Defects in glass products are divided into three groups: glass melt defects, production defects and processing defects.

TO glass melt defects relate:

insufficient discoloration- occurs when there is an excess or lack of bleaching agents or as a result of disruption of the glass melting process; appears as a greenish tint to the glass;
gas inclusions- they can be small (midge) and large (bubbles), by composition - airy or alkaline with a whitish coating, by location - internal and external pressable;
svil- well vitrified thread-like or rope-like inclusions;
schlier- transparent vitrified inclusions in the form of drops and tubercles;
Rukh- crystallized opaque particles.

TO production defects include various deviations from

standards arising during the formation of products:

thickness variation in the walls, edge, bottom of the product occurs due to incorrect methods of molding products;
scree edges- chips on the inner or outer surface of the edge of the product that occur when using low-quality grinding material;
chips - differ from chips in that they extend from the edge along the plane of the product;
cuttings- small cracks on the internal or external walls of the product;
forgedness(traces from a worn mold);
hangnails And surplus(traces from opening forms);
underpressing(insufficient amount of glass melt) etc. d.

TO processing defects include:

overflow of the edges- heavily melted edges, often deformed;
asymmetry of parts;
stuck pieces of glass;
bevel edge;
dullness And erasing the gold design and etc.

Checking the product in operation involves determining its integrity (the product is filled with water), stability on a horizontal surface, and the mating of covers and plugs with the body and neck.

The marking must include the following information: trademark or name of the manufacturer; vendor code; mass fraction of lead (for products made of lead and high-lead crystal); GOST designation.

Containers and packaging must ensure the safety of products during transportation and contain the handling sign “Fragile. Carefully". Additional requirements for PBT packaging may be specified in agreements or contracts.

Current standards do not provide for the division of glass products into grades.

Test questions and assignments

1. Define glass and list its main types.
2. What is the difference between crystal and ordinary glass?
3. What factors shape the consumer properties of glass household goods?
4. What are the main features of products obtained by blowing, pressing, press blowing, and multi-stage production?
5. Describe the main types of decoration of glass household goods.
6. List the characteristics of the SBT classification.
7. How are glass household products classified by purpose?
8. For what purpose are glass products divided by shape and size?
9. What safety indicators are required for glass foodware?
10. Classify and characterize defects

IN For products made of colorless glass, slight colored tints are allowed that do not spoil the presentation. A difference in the intensity of coloring of the same product made of colored and applied glass, caused by uneven wall thickness, and different color shades of decor obtained by heat treatment of zinc sulfide glass, which does not spoil the presentation, are allowed.

For defects that cannot be measured, samples agreed with the consumer may be approved.

Local accumulations of midges, cut edges, stuck pieces of glass, burrs, a matte coating on the edges, as well as undercutting and elongation of design lines larger than 4.0 mm are not allowed in the dishes.

The following defects are allowed:

svil, sparsely located, not spoiling the presentation;

a bubble in the form of a “sickle”, which does not spoil the presentation at the junction of the vessel and the leg, the leg and the bottom, the handle and the vessel, decorative elements:

scree, remelting of edges, processed chips and nicks, traces of surface damage, marks from molds and scissors that do not spoil the presentation;

traces of distillation and polishing, defects in decoration with preparations of precious metals, luster and silicate paints, incompleteness and elongation of drawing lines when decorating with ring lines, torsion in mechanized products that do not spoil the presentation.

The “mound” on decorated products must be melted, without cutting glass particles, and must not crumble. The seams and the end surface of the upper edge of the products must be smooth.

Lids and plugs must be selected for the products. Lids must cover or fit into the products freely. Plugs with unworn stems should fit freely into the neck of the product. The ground stem of the cork should fit snugly to the neck of the product; a barely noticeable wobble of the cork on the neck is allowed. In toiletries, the stem of the cork must be ground in.

The product must be stable on a flat horizontal surface.

Glasses and saucers for tea, plates for hot food must be heat-resistant. Blown products should not collapse at a temperature of 95--70--20°C, pressed products 95--60--20°C.

The total number of allowed defects in appearance in one small product is no more than 2, medium - 3, large - 4.

Crystal products are made massive and thick-walled, so deep diamond edges can be applied to them and thereby increase the reflection of light.

Depending on the quality of the glass. methods of production and processing of products are divided into 1st and 2nd grades. Products must have a shiny, smooth surface, polished to complete transparency.

In colorless products, faint bluish tints are allowed that do not spoil the presentation.

The consumer properties (usefulness) of glass products used in everyday life and in the catering industry are determined by a set of properties - functionality, economy, aesthetics, comfort (convenience, hygiene), reliability (strength, durability), etc.

The functional properties of glass products depend on the nature of the glass, shape, size and purpose of the products.

Ergonomic properties of products, first of all, are ease of use (comfort) and hygiene of glass products.

The hygienic properties of tableware are determined, first of all, by the nature and properties of glass. Products must have high chemical resistance and be harmless to the human body. When assessing hygiene, the simplicity and ease of removing various types of contaminants from the surface of products and keeping them clean are taken into account.

The aesthetic properties of glass products are characterized by the integrity of the composition, rationality of form and information content.

Undefined contours of both the entire product and its elements, bad color and designs that hide the natural properties of the material impair the aesthetic perception of the product’s shape.

The ratio of the sizes of parts, sides, and patterns characterizes the proportionality of the product.

The reliability of glass products is determined by their durability. Products with attached parts, high legs, and complex configurations are less reliable.

Products must have a shiny, smooth surface, polished to complete transparency.

The edge and end surface of the top edge of the products must be melted or polished. A bevel is applied to the edge of the upper edge of the products or other types of processing are used. Lids and plugs must be selected for the products.

Lids must cover or fit into the products freely. The difference between the diameter of the lid and the edge of the body (or neck) should not exceed 2 mm.

The spout of the product should be located opposite the handle.

Attaching adhesive parts and decorative elements should be simple.

The products in the set must be selected so that the difference in height between them does not exceed the permissible deviation from parallelism of the edge of the bottom plane.

The difference in the edge thickness of the walls should not be more than 0.5 mm for products with a wall thickness up to 3 mm inclusive and 1 mm for products with a wall thickness over 3 mm.

The quality of household glassware depends on the presence of defects that negatively affect its mechanical, thermal, optical, aesthetic and sanitary properties.

Defects in glass products are divided into three groups - defects in glass melt, production and processing.

The impact of a particular defect on the quality of a product depends on its type, location, size, and also on the size of the product.

Based on these criteria, some defects are allowed with restrictions on quantity, size and location, while others are not allowed at all.

Consumer properties and quality indicators of glass goods

Classification and characteristics of the assortment of glass products.

Classification of glass.

Glasses are classified based on their composition. Their name depends on the content of certain oxides. The following oxide glasses are distinguished:

silicate – SiO 2;

aluminosilicate - Al 2 O 3, SiO 2;

borosilicate - B 2 O 3, SiO 2;

boroaluminosilicate - B 2 O 3, Al 2 O 3, SiO 2 and others.

Each type of glass has certain properties.

Silicate glasses are divided into ordinary, crystal, and heat-resistant. Common types include lime-sodium, lime-potassium, and lime-sodium-potassium glasses.

Crystal glasses are characterized by increased brilliance and strong refraction. There are lead and lead-free crystals. Lead crystal has increased mass and is well decorated. Taking into account the dependence on the amount of lead oxide, lead crystal is divided into

1. Crystal glass containing lead, boron or zinc oxide in an amount of at least 10%.

2. Low-lead crystal containing 18-24% lead oxide.

3. Lead crystal containing 24-30% lead oxide.

4. High lead crystal containing 30% or more lead oxide.

Lead-free crystal contains mainly barium oxide (at least 18%), which improves refraction, increases the hardness and shine of the glass, but reduces transparency.

Heat-resistant glass can withstand sudden temperature changes.
Posted on ref.rf
They contain boron compounds (12-13%). The thermal resistance of such glass increases after tempering. Chemical properties glass

The chemical resistance of glass determines the purpose and reliability of products. It is very high, especially in relation to water, organic and mineral acids (except hydrofluoric). Alkalis and alkali carbonates are more aggressive. Hydrofluoric acid dissolves glass and is therefore used for applying patterns to glass, matting and chemical polishing of products.

The formation of consumer properties of glass goods occurs in the process of their production.

Production of glass goods consists of a number of stages: preparation of raw materials, composition of the charge, melting of glass melt, production of glass products, processing and decoration of products, sorting, labeling and packaging of products.

1. Preparation of raw materials comes down to cleaning quartz sand and other components from unwanted impurities, fine grinding and sifting of materials.

2. Preparation of the charge, i.e., a dry mixture of materials, consists of weighing out the components according to the recipe and mixing them thoroughly until completely homogeneous. A more progressive method is to produce briquettes and granules from the mixture; At the same time, the homogeneity of the charge is maintained and cooking is accelerated. In addition, to speed up glass melting, 25-30% broken glass is added to the charge. The cullet is washed, crushed and passed through a magnet.

3. Melting of glass melt from the charge is carried out in baths and pot furnaces at a maximum temperature of 1450-1550°C. During the cooking process, complex physical and chemical transformations and interactions of raw materials occur. Using clarifiers, the glass melt is freed from gas inclusions and thoroughly mixed until homogeneity in composition and viscosity is achieved. If the raw material processing, batch preparation and cooking regimes are violated, glass melt defects are formed (we will discuss this later).

4. Molding of products from viscous glass melt is carried out by various methods. The molding method largely determines the configuration of products, wall thickness, decoration techniques, coloring and, in this regard, is an important assortment feature and pricing factor.

Household products are made by blowing, pressing, press blowing, bending (bending), casting, etc.

Blowing - the oldest method of molding glass products. Blowing should be mechanized, vacuum blowing, manual in molds and Guten (free).

Manual blowing is carried out using a glass blowing tube. Such blowing can be done in molds or without molds. By blowing in molds, products of any configuration and wall thickness with a smooth and shiny surface are obtained. They produce colorless, dyed and applied products (two- and multi-layer).

Blowing without a mold or free blowing (in trade - Huten molding) is also carried out using a glass blowing tube, but the products are shaped and finally finished mainly in air. The products are characterized by the complexity of their shapes, smooth transitions parts, thickened wall.

Mechanized blowing on automatic machines produces colorless products of simple outlines, mainly glasses.

Blow molded products have the smoothest walls, high shine, great transparency, and the most varied shapes and wall thicknesses. They are decorated in almost every possible way and are considered to be of the highest quality.

Pressing are the most widespread and economical methods for producing glass products. Products are molded on automatic and semi-automatic presses in special molds, where a design is immediately applied to them. They are characterized by large wall thickness (more than 3 mm), large mass, lower transparency and heat resistance, significant bottom thickness, and traces of the mold are visible. Dishes made by pressing have simple shapes with a wide top.

They strive to overcome the monotony of pressed products by creating a light relief pattern on the surface (textured press), pressing without an upper ring, which makes it possible to obtain a freely formed edge that is different for each product, and a combination of pressing and bending (press bending).

Press blowing characterized by the fact that the molding of products takes place in two stages - first they are molded in a mold, and then hot with air. The products have a narrow neck, thick uneven walls and mold marks. Press blowing produces jars, bottles, decanters, and vials; Products obtained by this method differ from pressed ones in a more complex shape, and from blown ones in thick walls, mold marks and a rougher pattern.

Casting. The glass mass is poured into a special mold, where it cools and takes on the shape. This method is used to produce artistic and decorative products.

Centrifugal casting carried out in rotating metal forms under the influence of centrifugal forces. Products obtained by this method have a large mass, and large-sized products are finished by hand. An example of products made by centrifugal casting is aquariums.

Other molding methods are less common.

If molded incorrectly, various defects may occur.

5. Annealing of products. During molding, due to the low thermal conductivity of glass and sudden and uneven cooling, residual stresses arise in the products, which can cause their spontaneous destruction. For this reason, annealing heat treatment is required, which consists of heating the products to 530-550 °C, maintaining at this temperature and subsequent slow cooling. During annealing, residual stresses are weakened to a safe value and are evenly distributed over the cross section of the products. The thermal resistance of glass depends on the quality of annealing.

6. Processing and decoration. Primary processing consists of processing the edges and bottoms of products, grinding stoppers to the neck of decanters. Decorative processing is the application of various types of decorations to products. Decor determines the aesthetic properties of glass products and is one of the main pricing factors.

Cuts are classified according to the stage of application (hot and cold), types, and complexity.

Hot applied decorations:

1. Colored glass is obtained by adding dyes to glass melt.

2. Colored products are made from 1 layer of glass and covered with 1 or 2 layers of intensely colored glass.

3. Decoration of hot blown products is carried out by applying glass moldings, ribbons, twisted and tangled threads. A variety - decoration with filigree or twisting has the form of 2 or 3 colored spiral threads.

4. Marble or malachite decoration is obtained by melting milk glass with the addition of ground, unmixed colored glass.

5. Cutting "crackle" ("under frost", "frost glass") - a network of small surface cracks formed when the product is rapidly cooled in water. Next, the semi-finished product is placed in an oven, where the cracks are melted.

6. A roller cut is used, which creates an optical effect due to the wavy inner surface formed when the workpiece is blown in a ribbed shape.

7. Decorations with colored fill. The heated workpiece is rolled over crushed colored glass and is melted to the surface.

8. Iridescent films (irridation) on the surface of products can be obtained by deposition of salts of tin chloride, barium, etc. on a hot product; These salts, when decomposing, form transparent, shiny, iridescent films of metal oxides (reminiscent of mother-of-pearl).

9. Jewelry using the free blowing method - the product takes on a unique and unique shape.

10. Chandeliers - applying metal solutions to the surface of the product. Next, the product is annealed, the solvent evaporates, and a metal film is fixed on the surface.

11. Pressed products are decorated mainly due to the pattern from the mold.

Decorating products in a cold state carried out through mechanical processing, chemical treatment(etching) and surface decoration using silicate paints, gold preparations, chandeliers.

Mechanically applied cuts include matte tape, number grinding, diamond bevel, flat bevel, engraving, and sandblasting.

1. Matte tape is a strip 4-5 mm wide. As it rotates, a metal strip is pressed against the surface of the product, under which sand and water are fed. In this case, grains of sand scratch the glass.

2. Number grinding - a matte surface (shallow) pattern of round, oval sections or notches. Apply using sanding wheels.

3. Diamond edge is a pattern of deep dihedral grooves, which, when combined with each other, form bushes, nets, polygonal stones, simple and multi-rayed stars and other elements. The design is applied on manual or automatic machines using an abrasive wheel with a different edge profile. After cutting the design, it is polished until completely transparent. The diamond facet is especially impressive on crystal products, where the shine and play of light in the facets are clearly revealed.

4. Flat edge - these are polished planes of varying widths along the contour of the products.

5. Engraving - a surface matte or, less often, light design of a predominantly plant nature without large indentations. It is obtained using rotating copper disks or ultrasound.

6. Sandblasting - matte pattern various shapes, formed when glass is processed with sand, which is fed under pressure into the cutouts of the stencil.

Etching cuts, are subdivided into simple (helionic), complex (pantograph), and deep (art) etching. To obtain a pattern, the products are covered with a layer of protective mastic, on which the pattern is applied using machine needles or manually, exposing the glass. Next, the dishes are immersed in a bath of hydrofluoric acid, which dissolves the glass along the exposed pattern to varying depths.

Simple, or helionic, etching is an in-depth transparent geometric pattern in the form of straight, curved, and broken lines.

Complex, or pantograph, etching is a linear in-depth pattern, but of a more complex, often floral nature.

Deep, or artistic, etching is a relief design of a mostly plant plot on 2 or 3-layer glass. Due to different depths of etching of colored glass, a pattern of different color intensities is formed.

Surface decoration can be done with silicate paints and gold preparations. Such decorations include painting, decalcomania (a multicolor design without brush strokes, applied using decals), silk-screen printing (a single-color design obtained by stenciling using a silk mesh), application of ribbons (4-10 mm wide), layering (1- 3 mm), antennae (up to 1 mm), photographs, etc.
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New methods of decoration are being developed - plasma spraying of metals, glass powders, photochemical engraving, etc.

The production process ends with acceptance control and product labeling.

Glass products, according to their purpose, are divided into three classes: household, architectural and construction and technical.

The range of household products is classified according to many criteria.

1. Based on their intended purpose, household glass products are divided into 5 groups: household tableware, art products, household tableware, kitchenware, and lamp products.

2. According to the composition of the glass, products are distinguished from sodium - calcium - silicate, special household, crystal glass, etc.

3. According to the molding method, they distinguish between blown, pressed, press-blow products, as well as those obtained by centrifugal casting.

4. By color, products are colorless, colored and with color.

5. Based on size, products are divided into small, medium, large and extra large. The size of products is characterized by diameter, length or height, and the size of hollow products is characterized by capacity.

6. In terms of completeness, household glass products can be either piece or complete.

7. According to the method of applying decorations (see earlier).

Modern trends in the decoration of glassware - expansion of the range of colored glass, a combination of colored and slightly muted glass in the overlay, contrasting combinations in the design of elements of a diamond edge, matte engraving, chandelier, widespread use of decal patterns and silk-screen printing of various subjects, picturesque cuts with paints and gold, often in combination with matting. Thin cuts and products are still popular.

8. By style, products are divided taking into account the shape of the body (ball, oval, cone, etc.), the presence of stick-on (handle, leg, lid holder) and removable (cork, lid) parts, the nature of the edge (smooth, cut-out) and the bottom of the products . The dishes are produced with a bottom of regular thickness, thickened, and also on a pallet (a protrusion or ledge at the bottom of the product).

The legs of the products must be of different heights, shapes (straight or curly) and processing (faceted and smooth). The style, along with the aesthetic features of the glass melt and cutting, largely determines the artistic expressiveness of the products. It is subject to change according to style requirements.

Assortment of glassware.

The range of glassware, based on the method of production and purpose, is divided into the following groups: blown products, pressed products, press-blow products, crystal products, household tableware, kitchenware.

The range of blown glassware is very wide. These are glasses, goblets, shot glasses, goblets, wine glasses, jugs, decanters, sugar bowls, oil dishes, vases for table setting (for fruit, jam, cookies, cream, sweets, salad bowls), menage bowls, etc.

The range of pressed dishes is much narrower. These are jam saucers, trays, vases, lemon squeezers, glasses, sugar bowls, shot glasses, salad bowls, sugar bowls, etc.

Press-blow cookware has a limited range. These are decanters different styles and containers, oil dishes, tableware, etc.

Household utensils include products used for storing and preserving food (thermos flasks, jars, jars for pickles and jam, barrels, bottles for storing liquids).

Kitchenware made of heat-resistant glass is represented by pots of various capacities, baking dishes, roasting pans, and frying pans. To make utensils for cooking over an open fire or in microwave ovens, heat-resistant glass (borosilicate glass) is used. Such dishes are obtained by pressing. Products made from borosilicate glass are subjected to special tempering treatment to increase thermal resistance and are not decorated. Hardening consists of heating products to 700 °C and subsequent rapid and uniform cooling by blowing air. At the same time, high, evenly distributed residual stresses arise in the glass, increasing the impact strength by 5 - 8 times, and heat resistance by 2 - 3 times.

Crystal products. They are produced mainly by blow and press blowing methods. The range of blown crystal products is close to blown glassware. They produce crystal products, both individual and complete.

Assortment of decorative products- this is a glass sculpture, flower vases, toiletries, horn-shaped glasses, dishes, etc.
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Each type of product is produced in several varieties (articles), differing in size and style.

Range of lamp products consists of table lamps, lamp tanks, lamp glasses.

The main consumer properties of glass household products are functional, ergonomic, aesthetic and reliability properties. The functional properties of glass products (using the example of a glassware) provide for the possibility of them performing two basic functions: “receiving” and preserving food and drinks in constant quantity and quality and “giving” them in whole or in part as they are extremely important. These properties depend on the composition of the glass, the shape, size and purpose of the products, and the characteristics of food and drinks.

The ability to “accept” and preserve food and drinks is determined by the following group indicators: chemical resistance to food and drinks, resistance to atmospheric influences, resistance to thermal influences, resistance to mechanical influences. The ability to “give” food and drinks: the functionality of a volumetric-spatial solution and versatility.

Ergonomic properties determine, first of all, the ease of use and hygiene of glass products. The comfort of household utensils is determined by the ease of holding, carrying, performing storage and washing functions, as well as the ease of transportation and storage. Hygienic properties are determined primarily by the nature and properties of glass and are characterized by such group indicators as harmlessness and contamination.

The aesthetic properties of glass household goods are determined by the integrity of the composition, rationality of form and information content.

The integrity of the composition characterizes the arrangement, addition and connection of parts into a single whole in a certain order. The rationality of the form characterizes the correspondence of the form of the product to the functional purpose and environmental conditions, the correspondence of the tonal and color scheme of individual elements to the requirements of ergonomics, the style solution to the interior, and the manufacturing technology to the properties of the material. The information content of glass products is determined by their significance, originality and compliance with the style and fashion that prevails at a given time.

The reliability of glass products is determined by their durability and shelf life. Of greatest importance is durability, which is characterized by physical and moral wear and tear.

Indicators of a number of consumer properties of products are indicators of the physical and chemical properties of glass.

According to GOST 4.75-82 ʼʼGlass glassware. The nomenclature of indicators for consumer properties and their indicators includes the following: - indicators of purpose - chemical composition and density of glass, shape and main dimensions of products, their stability on a flat surface; - reliability indicators - impact strength, hardness, heat resistance, water resistance, fastening strength of parts, annealing quality indicators; - indicators of ergonomic properties - content of harmful substances; - indicators of aesthetic properties - accuracy of reproduction of the author's sample, indicators of compositional integrity, information expressiveness, perfection of production manufacturing of products, as well as refractive indexes, average dispersion, light transmission, cutting angle; - economic indicators - mass of products (raw material consumption), cost.

Quality assessment and quality requirements for glass products.

The quality of glassware and decorative glassware must meet the requirements of GOST 30407-96 “Dishware and decorative glassware.” OTU.ʼʼ. Quality assessment is carried out by organoleptic (appearance assessment) and physico-chemical methods (determination of dimensions, thermal resistance, etc.). In terms of design and dimensional features, household glassware must correspond to approved samples. The product should not wobble on a flat horizontal surface. Products in contact with hot food (glasses and saucers for tea, plates for hot food, etc.) must be thermally stable. Blown products should not collapse at temperature differences of 95-70-20C, pressed products - at 95-60-20C.

The following items are not allowed: chips; cut edges; stuck pieces of glass; cutting and crumbling glass particles when decorating products in bulk; through cuts; foreign inclusions with cracks and cuts around them. The end surface of the upper edge and the seams of the products must be smooth. The decorative coating applied to the internal surface of products in contact with food must be acid-resistant. The fastening of product handles and decorative elements must be strong. The permissible migration of harmful substances released from glass products in contact with food products is established by the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision authorities in the relevant regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner. Defects in glass products are divided into defects in glass melt, production and processing.

To glass melt defects include:

1. Gas inclusions ("midge" diameter greater than 0.8 mm and "bubble" diameter less than 0.8 mm) are formed as a result of insufficient clarification of the glass mass. Cloudy and squeezable bubbles in the product are not allowed.

2. Sliers and schlierens are transparent inclusions that differ from the bulk of glass in composition or physical properties. Swili are thread-like inclusions, and schliers are tubercles, nodules, and clumps of glass.

3. Solid inclusions (stones, crystals). They arise as a result of crystallization of glass mass.

4. Insufficient discoloration is the result of the presence of metal oxides in the glass.

Production defects:

1. The difference in thickness in the glass and the bottom of the product is the result of uneven distribution of glass melt.

2. Chips and dents;

3. Scree - small chips;

4. Forgedness - unevenness in the form of fine waviness of the surface;

5. Wrinkles - unevenness in the form of ripples on the surface;

6. Folds are pocket-shaped irregularities.

Curvature, folds and wrinkles on products are not allowed.

Consumer properties and quality indicators of glass goods - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Consumer properties and quality indicators of glass products" 2017, 2018.